一种浸润冻结机制冰核测量装置（FINDA）的搭建与应用     

毕凯  丁德平  杨帅  陈景川  黄梦宇 《气象学报》2021,79(5):864-877

为了定量评估降水（雨、雪、雹等）和大气中冰核浓度,搭建了一种新型的离线式冰核测量装置（FINDA）用于检测浸润冻结机制的冰核。对多通道测温元件进行了改装和校准,并利用红外热成像仪动态校准了冷台水平温差,开发了自动化软件实现对测量过程的控制和数据分析。通过超纯水冻结实验、雪水及大气样品中冰核检验评估了FINDA的测量性能。结果表明,FINDA温度测量偏差随温度降低而线性增大,?25℃时误差为±0.75℃;超纯水初始冻结温度平均为?21.27±1.45℃,中值冻结温度（T₅₀）平均为?25.65±0.64℃;对同一降雪融水样品中冰核浓度温度谱检测,FINDA与其他冻滴设备测量结果基本一致,同冰核浓度下温度偏差小于3℃;大气样品中冰核?20℃时比在线连续流量扩散云室测量值略高,与国际上其他学者的结论一致。FINDA能够有效获得0—?25℃每隔0.25℃的冰核浓度谱,超纯水和试验操作引入的冰核对测量结果影响很小。设备的广泛应用可帮助深入了解大气冰核在混合云降水中的作用,为预报和云模式的本地化改进及对云降水理论研究提供重要的实验数据和理论基础。   相似文献   

The role and limits of strategic framing for promoting sustainable consumption and policy     

《Global Environmental Change》2021

Strategic issue framing is widely regarded as an effective communication strategy to alter public opinion and citizens’ policy support. However, it is unclear to what extent strategic framing can increase support for ambitious demand-side actions and policies that make the cost of mitigation perceptible in citizens’ everyday lives. Taking an exploratory approach, we conducted qualitative interviews and a comparative framing experiment with 9,750 survey respondents from China, Germany, and the United States. We analyzed strategic issue framing effects in two areas known to be key for increasing the sustainability of consumption: meat/fish consumption, and fossil-fuel car usage. Employing both classical linear regressions and advanced Bayesian sparse estimations, we show that in all three countries widespread arguments in favor of reduced meat/fish consumption and car use are unlikely to substantially alter citizens’ concern, willingness to pay, behavioral intentions and policy support for demand-side action. Our findings suggest that in the absence of a broader behavioral change campaign, strategic issue framing alone is unlikely to be effective in changing entrenched attitudes and behaviors. On its own, it is also unlikely to substantially increase public support for demand-side policies to reduce consumption. More careful research is needed to help policymakers understand the role and limits of different strategic framing techniques.  相似文献   

Modelling ion composition in seepage water from a column experiment with an open cut coal mine sediment     

B. Ludwig  J. Prenzel  P. Obermann 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2001,73(2)

Secondary reactions occurring in pyrite-containing sediments from open cut coal mines are complex and not fully understood. In this study, the changes in seepage water composition in a column experiment with a sediment containing pyrite (5.6 g kg⁻¹) were evaluated using a chemical equilibrium model. A column experiment with artificial irrigation (730 mm water yr⁻¹) was carried out for 2 yr with a sediment from the open pit mine Garzweiler, Germany, at the Institute of Applied Geology. Tracer (LiCl) was added to the sediment. Seepage water composition at 52 cm depth was sampled weekly. Redox potential and the water potential were also recorded weekly. Sulphate and Fe(II) were the dominant ions in the seepage water with concentration maxima of 500 and 350 mmol l⁻¹ after 50 days (0.7 pore volumes (PV)). Minimum pH values were around 0.8 after 100 days (1.4 PV), but increased subsequently and reached 2.4 after 700 days (9.5 PV). Ion activity product calculations indicated the intermediate formation of gypsum (19th–480th day of the experiment). Solutions were undersaturated with respect to alunite, jarosite, jurbanite, schwertmannite, melanterite, gibbsite and goethite during the whole experiment. The model of coupled equilibria which included inorganic complexation, precipitation/dissolution of gypsum and multiple cation exchange was tested. Pyrite oxidation and pH-dependent silicate weathering were considered using simple input functions. Transport was modelled using a field capacity cascade submodel. Model results showed satisfactory agreement with measured values for pH and concentrations of SO₄, Fe, Mg, Ca and Al. Correlation coefficients lay between 0.7 and 0.9 and linear regression coefficients (modelled against measured) were 1.5 (Ca), 1.0 (Fe, SO₄), 0.8 (Mg), 0.7 (pH) and 0.6 (Al). The results showed that the protons produced during pyrite oxidation (94 mmol_c H⁺ kg⁻¹) were mainly released into seepage water (as HSO₄⁻ and H⁺). Cation exchange reactions buffered 20 mmol_c of H⁺ kg⁻¹ sediment, and Al released by silicate weathering accounted for 3.6 mmol_c H⁺ kg⁻¹. Modelling was useful to further understand the significance of different pH buffer reactions.  相似文献   

“Fe-Au-Sb-S”体系中金迁移规律的实验研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

李九玲  张桂兰  亓锋  程莱仙 《矿床地质》1997,16(1):79-85

在黔滇桂微细浸染型金矿地质研究及前人实验研究基础上设计了７５℃含碳的“Ｆｅ－Ａｕ－Ｓｂ－Ｓ”热液开放流动体系实验，测定带出溶液之ｐＨ及Ａｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｓｂ含量，研究Ａｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｓｂ的迁移条件及相互关系。探讨本区主成矿期之后叠加热液活动中金与锑的行为及金异常与锑异常既密切共生，在空间上又有所偏离的原因  相似文献   

北太平洋中纬度负海温异常对副热带高压影响的数值试验   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3  

巩远发  何金海  段廷扬  潘攀 《热带气象学报》2006,22(4):386-392

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所的T42L9全球大气环流模式，研究了1993年夏季北太平洋中纬度海温异常对西太平洋副热带高压的影响。数值试验结果表明：（1）中纬度地区负距平海温异常对其南侧太平洋副热带高压的形态和脊线位置都有影响，负距平海温异常试验的500hPa副热带高压的形态明显比气候平均海温试验更接近于NCEP资料实况，对流层中下层副热带高压脊线的平均位置也比气候平均海温试验要偏南，与实况比也更接近了；（2）在500hPa上，北太平洋中纬度负距平海温异常在其南侧产生的高度扰动使副热带高压向南偏移，而在其北侧产生的高度扰动则沿北太平洋中高纬度、北美中高纬度、北大西洋和欧洲南部以及地中海和北非地区的大圆路径传播，并影响和改变整个北半球大气环流的变化。1993年夏季北太平洋中纬度异常的低海温可能是该年盛夏6、7月北太平洋副热带高压位置异常偏南的重要原因之一。  相似文献   

PS剂驱油矿场先导性试验研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

谢俊  张金亮 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2003,33(1):95-100

PS碱木素磺酸盐 (简称 PS剂 )是由造纸废液经浓缩加入酚、醛和硫酸等在高温下复配或反应后提炼出的 1种新型表面活性剂。由于其具有降低原油粘度和油水界面张力的特性[1 -2 ] ,因而可作为提高原油采收率的驱替剂应用到油田开采中。本文通过室内实验和 W31断块的现场驱替试验 ,进一步探讨了 PS剂的驱替机理和驱油效果、探索了注 PS剂驱油的现场经验。  相似文献   

Librations and obliquity of Mercury from the BepiColombo radio-science and camera experiments     

Gregor Pfyffer  Tim Van Hoolst 《Planetary and Space Science》2011,59(9):848-861

A major goal of the BepiColombo mission to Mercury is the determination of the structure and state of Mercury's interior. Here the BepiColombo rotation experiment has been simulated in order to assess the ability to attain the mission goals and to help lay out a series of constraints on the experiment's possible progress. In the rotation experiment pairs of images of identical surface regions taken at different epochs are used to retrieve information on Mercury's rotation and orientation. The idea is that from observations of the same patch of Mercury's surface at two different solar longitudes of Mercury the orientation of Mercury can be determined, and therefore also the obliquity and rotation variations with respect to the uniform rotation.The estimation of the libration amplitude and obliquity through pattern matching of observed surface landmarks is challenging. The main problem arises from the difficulty to observe the same landmark on the planetary surface repeatedly over the MPO mission lifetime, due to the combination of Mercury's 3:2 spin-orbit resonance, the absence of a drift of the MPO polar orbital plane and the need to combine data from different instruments with their own measurement restrictions.By assuming that Mercury occupies a Cassini state and that the spacecraft operates nominally we show that under worst case assumptions the annual libration amplitude and obliquity can be measured with a precision of, respectively, 1.4 arcseconds (as) and 1.0 as over the nominal BepiColombo MPO lifetime with about 25 landmarks for rather stringent illumination restrictions. The outcome of the experiment cannot be easily improved by simply relaxing the observational constraints, or increasing the data volume.  相似文献   

Error model of curves in GIS and digitization experiment     

Guo Tongde  Wang Jiayao  Wang Guangxia 《地球空间信息科学学报》2013,16(4):306-310

A stochastic error process of curves is proposed as the error model to describe the errors of curves in GIS. In terms of the stochastic process, four characteristics concerning the local error of curves, namely, mean error function, standard error function, absolute error function, and the correlation function of errors, are put forward. The total error of a curve is expressed by a mean square integral of the stochastic error process. The probabilistic meanings and geometric meanings of the characteristics mentioned above are also discussed. A scan digitization experiment is designed to check the efficiency of the model. In the experiment, a piece of contour line is digitized for more than 100 times and lots of sample functions are derived from the experiment. Finally, all the error characteristics are estimated, on the basis of sample functions. The experiment results show that the systematic error in digitized map data is not negligible, and the errors of points on curves are chiefly dependent on the curvature and the concavity of the curves.  相似文献   

马达加斯加红土型—三水铝石铝土矿选冶实验研究     

张勇 《西部资源》2013,(2):175-178

以马达加斯加红土型三水铝石铝土矿为研究对象,通过矿物物理学研究、室内样品破碎、湿筛试验,研究了马达加斯加三水型铝土矿的可选性。并进一步对破碎、湿筛所得的精矿进行拜耳法溶出试验和沉降试验研究,揭示了马达加斯加红土型—三水铝石铝土矿精矿的拜耳法溶出性质和赤泥的沉降性质,为马达加斯加铝土矿选矿和冶炼提供了参考依据。  相似文献   

秦岭成矿带Pb、Zn化探异常与铅锌矿 常无对应关系的原因   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李宗会  宋晓霞  罗根根  王伟  赵东宏  宿晓虹  王虎  杨钟堂 《地质通报》2012,31(5):794-798

秦岭成矿带中Pb、Zn化探异常区常无铅锌矿,而铅锌矿区又常无Pb、Zn异常,这种Pb、Zn异常与铅锌矿的不对应关系,通常导致大量的Pb、Zn异常无找矿指示意义,甚至给找矿评价、勘查部署选区工作带来了某些误导。本次的大量实验研究表明,秦岭地区水系沉积物中Pb、Zn元素主要在较粗粒级(-10~+60目)组分和细粒(小于140目)组分两端粒级中富集,而在中等粒度(80~120目)中贫化。以往所采用的统一粒度(-60目)样品分析所圈定的Pb、Zn异常,主要是细粒级吸附态的Pb、Zn在远离铅锌矿源区富集的反映,强化了远离矿源“次生富集”的信息。据此建议,在秦岭地区开展的面积性化探工作中,首先通过典型矿区粒级试验,建立区内不同背景区成矿元素的合理粒级范围,使所选用的粒度组合(粗、中、细粒)对在不同粒级中富集的元素更具代表性,改变秦岭Pb、Zn等化探异常指导找矿工作的被动局面,确保化探工作能更好地指导地质找矿和勘查部署选区工作。  相似文献