Soil Budget,Net Export,and Potential Sinks of Nitrogen in the Lower Oglio River Watershed (Northern Italy)     

Elisa Soana  Erica Racchetti  Alex Laini  Marco Bartoli  Pierluigi Viaroli 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2011,39(11):956-965

A nitrogen mass balance, realized for the lower Oglio River basin (Po River Plain, northern Italy), suggested an elevated impact of agricultural activities in this watershed. Livestock manure, synthetic fertilizers, biological fixation, atmospheric deposition, and wastewater sludge contributed 51, 34, 12, 2, and 1% of total N (TN) input, respectively (basin average 450 kg N ha^?1 arable land (AL) year^?1, overall input 100 115 t N year^?1). Crop uptake, ammonia volatilization and denitrification in soils contributed 65, 21, and 14%, respectively, of TN output (basin average 270 kg N ha^?1 AL year^?1, overall output 60 060 t N year^?1). N inputs exceeded outputs by 40 056 t N year^?1, resulting in a basin average surplus of about 180 kg N ha^?1 AL year^?1. About 34% of the N surplus was exported annually from the basin while the remaining amount (about 26 800 t N year^?1) underwent other unaccounted for processes within the watershed. The relevance of nitrogen removal via denitrification in aquatic compartments within the watershed was evaluated. Denitrification in the secondary drainage network can represent a relevant nitrogen sink due to great linear extension (over 12 500 km), with estimated nitrogen loss up to 8500 t N year^?1. Denitrification in the riverbed and in perifluvial wetlands have the potential to remove only a small fraction of the nitrogen surplus (<3%). Evidence suggests the relevance of groundwater as a site of nitrogen accumulation.  相似文献   

A numerical study on the long term thermo-poroelastic effects of cold water injection into naturally fractured geothermal reservoirs     

Joshua Koh  Hamid RoshanSheik S. Rahman 《Computers and Geotechnics》2011

The residing fracture system and the prevailing in situ stresses have a significant impact on fluid flow and heat transfer in crystalline rocks. The long term response of fracture systems to changes in effective stresses, in particular the long term geo-mechanical effects of thermal stresses on reservoir characteristics is of particular interest to the geothermal industry.  相似文献   

黑潮季节变化对次级海洋环流的影响     

肖栋  巢纪平 《气象学报》2011,69(4):736-744

黑潮是全球大洋中和大气之间进行热量交换最多的海域之一,它所携带的热量对局地的海-气相互作用具有重要影响。20世纪50—60年代,中国学者就发现冬季黑潮流域的海表温度与中国长江流域汛期降水存在着密切联系。文中利用一个两层半海洋模式主要从动力学角度探讨黑潮流域热源的季节变化对次级海洋环流的影响。结果表明,在黑潮流域冬暖夏冷的外源强迫下,温跃层的海温异常峰值比热源的峰值滞后一个季节,春季的海温异常达到最大。混合层年平均海温异常为正,从冬季到夏季均偏高,春季最大,仅秋季为负异常,这与观测资料一致。混合层与温跃层的春季海温异常的量值大体相当,在其他季节混合层的海温异常均高于温跃层。从冬季到夏季,温跃层和混合层的次级环流呈现从气旋型环流到反气旋型环流的转变,这样的异常环流在夏季有利于向中国东部附近海域输送热量。  相似文献   

冬季青藏高原大气热状况分析Ⅰ:气候平均   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

宇婧婧  刘屹岷  吴国雄 《气象学报》2011,69(1):79-88

通过诊断3套再分析资料的非绝热加热场,研究冬季青藏高原上空大气的热力特征.结果表明,与夏季为强热源的特征不同,冬季高原上空不是欧亚大陆上最强的冷源中心.冬季高原上空整体是偏弱的冷源,在高原西侧及东南地区上空甚至出现非绝热加热正值区,这一分析对以往研究提出的高原是冷源的特性给出了修正.各种非绝热加热分量的诊断表明,冬季高...  相似文献   

Water Cycle and Microphysical Processes Associated with a Mesoscale Convective Vortex System in the Dabie Mountain Area     

WANG Xiaokang  NI Yunqi  XU Wenhui  GU Chunli  QIU Xuexing 《大气科学进展》2011,28(6):1405-1422

The water vapor budget and the cloud microphysical processes associated with a heavy rainfall system in the Dabie Mountain area in June 2008 were analyzed using mesoscale reanalysis data(grid resolution 0.03 × 0.03,22 vertical layers,1-h intervals),generated by amalgamating the local analysis and prediction system(LAPS).The contribution of each term in the water vapor budget formula to precipitation was evaluated.The characteristics of water vapor budget and water substances in various phase states were evaluated and their differences in heavy and weak rainfall areas were compared.The precipitation calculated from the total water vapor budget accounted for 77% of actual precipitation;surface evaporation is another important source of water vapor.Water vapor within the domain of interest mainly came from the lower level along the southern boundary and the lower-middle level along the western boundary.This altitude difference for water vapor flux was caused by different weather systems.The decrease of local water vapor in the middle-lower layer in the troposphere during the system development stage also contributed to precipitation.The strength and the layer thickness of water vapor convergence and the content of various water substances in the heavy rainfall areas were obviously larger than in the weak rainfall areas.The peak values of lower-level water vapor convergence,local water vapor income,and the concentration of cloud ice all preceded the heaviest surface rainfall by a few hours.  相似文献   

局地大气能量有效性中的表面扰动位能特征   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

高丽  李建平 《气象学报》2011,69(4):664-671

在局地扰动位能理论工作基础上,进一步研究了与实际地形有关的表面扰动位能部分,理论推导了数学表达式,表明地形和表面热状况是其决定因素。利用再分析资料考察了其气候学和气候变率特征。研究表明,表面扰动位能具有独特的热动力学意义,它的量值与地球表面高大地形密切联系,而其季节变动特点则与表面热状况的季节变化息息相关。高纬度极地地形区域为明显的全年基本不变的负扰动位能分布区,低纬度热带区域则呈现季节变动非常小的正扰动位能分布。表面扰动位能的季节变动和年际变率的极值区都位于北半球中纬度的高大地形区域,夏季达到正的极大值,而冬季则转变成负值区。这一特征在青藏高原区最为典型,其表面扰动位能在时域和频域上均表现出明显的年代际特征,年际变率以2—4a周期为主。  相似文献   

玉溪市北城区地热资源分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

廖镜明  王承平  施忠良  陈国富 《云南地质》2011,30(3):357-361

玉溪北城地区地热为活动性深大断裂导热类型,地热分布于沿普渡河断裂的南延部分,隐伏于玉溪盆地北部地段。分析地下热水形成机理及开发。  相似文献   

All-Sky Surface Radiation and Clear-Sky Surface Energy Budgets: Summer to Freeze-Up in the Western Maritime Arctic     

R. L. Raddatz  T. Papakyriakou  R. J. Galley  M. G. Asplin  L. M. Candlish  B. Else 《大气与海洋》2013,51(5):489-504

The 2009 ArcticNet expedition was a field campaign in the Amundsen Gulf–eastern Beaufort Sea region from mid-July to the beginning of November aboard the CCGS Amundsen that provided an opportunity to describe the all-sky surface radiation and the clear-sky surface energy budgets from summer to freeze-up in the data sparse western maritime Arctic. Because the fractional area of open water was generally larger than the fractional area of ice floes, the net radiation at the water surface controlled the radiation budget. Because the water albedo is much less than the albedo of the ice floes, the extent and duration of open water in summer is an important albedo feedback mechanism. From summer to freeze-up, the net all-sky shortwave radiation declined steadily as the solar angle lowered, while coincidently the net all-sky longwave radiation became increasingly negative. The all-sky net surface radiation switched from positive in summer to negative during the freeze-up period. From summer to freeze-up, both upward and downward turbulent heat fluxes occurred. In summer, a positive surface energy budget residual contributed to the melting of ice floes and/or to the warming of the Arctic Ocean's mixed layer. During the freeze-up period, with temperatures below approximately ?5°C, the residuals were mainly negative suggesting that heat loss from the ocean's mixed layer and heat released by the phase change of water were significant components of the energy budget's residual.  相似文献   

A Numerical Study of the Evolution of a Mesoscale Convective Vortex on the Meiyu Front     

WANG Jinxin  PAN Yinong  WANG Shicheng 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2013,27(6):889-909

The Advanced Research WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting） model is used to simulate the evolution of a mesoscale convective vortex（MCV） that formed on the Meiyu front and lasted for more than two days. The simulation is used to investigate the underlying reasons for the genesis, intensification, and vertical expansion of the MCV. This MCV is of a type of mid-level MCV that often develops in the stratiform regions of mesoscale convective systems. The vortex strengthened and reached its maximum intensity and vertical extent（from the surface to upper levels） when secondary organized convection developed within the mid-level circulation. The factors controling the evolution of the kinetic and thermal structure of the MCV are examined through an analysis of the budgets of vorticity, temperature, and energy. The evolution of the local Rossby radius of deformation reveals the interrelated nature of the MCV and its parent mesoscale convective system.  相似文献   

Cloud Microphysical Budget Associated with Torrential Rainfall During the Landfall of Severe Tropical Storm Bilis (2006)          下载免费PDF全文

WANG Donghai  LIU Ying  ZHU Ping  YIN Jinfang  LI Xiaofan  TAO Wei-Kuo 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2013,27(2):263-272

Effects of vertical wind shear, radiation, and ice clouds on cloud microphysical budget associated with torrential rainfall during landfall of severe tropical storm Bilis (2006) are investigated by using a series of analysis of two-day grid-scale sensitivity experiment data. When upper-tropospheric upward motions and lower-tropospheric downward motions occur on 15 July 2006, the removal of vertical wind shear and ice clouds increases rainfall contributions from the rainfall type (CM) associated with positive net condensation and hydrometeor loss/convergence, whereas the exclusion of cloud radiative effects and cloud-radiation interaction reduces rainfall contribution from CM. The elimination of vertical wind shear and cloud-radiation interaction increases rainfall contribution from the rainfall type (Cm) associated with positive net condensation and hydrometeor gain/divergence, but the removal of cloud radiative effects and ice clouds decreases rainfall contribution from Cm. The enhancements in rainfall contribution from the rainfall type (cM) associated with negative net condensation and hydrometeor loss/convergence are caused by the exclusion of cloud radiative effects, cloud-radiation interaction and ice clouds, whereas the reduction in rainfall contribution from cM results from the removal of vertical wind shear. When upward motions appear throughout the troposphere on 16 July, the exclusion of all these effects increases rainfall contribution from CM, but generally decreases rainfall contributions from Cm and cM.  相似文献