大洋中的水下陆块   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

和政军  任纪舜 《海洋地质与第四纪地质》1994,14(2):71-80

现今大洋中分布有许多水下陆块，其形成演化经历了大陆破裂，洋脊跃迁及同扩张沉降等过程。引发大洋水下陆块形成的地球动力学背景，推测与垩纪中期的超幔柱活动有关。  相似文献   

沿岸海域三维斜压场的数值模拟 Ⅱ、渤海湍流能量数值计算     

孙英兰  王丽霞  王学昌 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》1997,(4)

研究建立渤海海域三维斜压场的湍流能量模型。对计算网格无法分辩的湍流运动，引入湍流能量求得垂向动量、质量及能量交换系统，从而形成封闭的湍流运动方程组。定量地计算了湍流能量、湍流速度及有风、无风状况下湍流能量的垂直分布等，探讨了湍流运动对潮波运动的影响。  相似文献   

Numerical Experiments of Isolated Convection under Polynya     

Naosuke?OkadaEmail author  Motoyoshi?Ikeda  Shoshiro?Minobe 《Journal of Oceanography》2004,60(6):927-943

The dense water formation process under polynya or lead is examined by numerical experiments using a three-dimensional non-hydrostatic model. Many numerical experiments on isolated convection in an initially homogeneous fluid have been performed for different sets of external parameters, in order to investigate a relationship between the convection process and the external parameters. The main focus is on the situation in which the horizontal length scale of disk-shaped buoyancy forcing (radius R) is comparable with the total water depth (H). The two dynamical regimes described in previous work—the baroclinically unstable convection and the baroclinically stable convection—are confirmed in the experiments. A horizontal shift of a convective chimney is important to a density anomaly in baroclinically stable convection. For the stable range, as R is reduced R/H < 0.7, a new regime is found, called “single-plume convection”, in which multiple convective plumes do not fully develop, and the density anomaly scale has nearly no dependency on R. This change of dependency on R is consistent with that derived by scaling analysis. The non-hydrostatic component is more significant than the hydrostatic one in the single-plume convection. The information obtained is useful for parameterizing dense water formation under ice cover in a numerical model with a large grid size; i.e., the newly formed water has a density anomaly independent of the polynya size smaller than the water depth, while the anomaly increases as the size exceeds the depth.  相似文献   

黄河入海泥沙扩散与河海相互作用   总被引：24，自引：6，他引：24  

李广雪 《海洋地质与第四纪地质》1999,19(3):1-10,T001

根据黄河口卫星遥感数据和河口滨海区水文,泥沙实测资料,对河口区洪水的平面扩散和含沙水层特征进行分析,结果表明,在洪水期,河口高高潮到低低潮线之间主河道两侧存在大范围浸流区,片状水流汇入网状汉沟入海,主河槽过流仍很明显,随着流量减小,漫流现象减弱乃至消失,推测口门区主河道的床流量约１０００ｍ＾３／ｓ;ＴＭ１－３合成ＴＭ６温度制图发现,在河口浅水区存在河海相互作用的混合带,混合带宽与河流流量成正比,混  相似文献   

The effect of standing biomass on flow velocity and turbulence in Spartina alterniflora canopies     

Lynn A. Leonard  Alexander L. Croft 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2006,69(3-4):325

Plant-flow interactions on the surface of tidal wetlands result in flow characteristics that are profoundly different from non-vegetated flows. Reductions in mean flow velocity and turbulence, especially the vertical components, limit vertical mixing and may impact a wide range of processes including geochemical exchanges at the sediment water interface, larval recruitment and dispersion, and sediment deposition and retention. The goal of this paper is to quantify horizontal and vertical components of velocity, turbulence intensity and total turbulent kinetic energy in Spartina alterniflora canopies in southeastern North Carolina and to relate flow characteristics to particulate transport on the marsh surface. Another aim of this paper is to assess the extent to which the distribution of standing biomass affects mean flow and turbulence by comparing S. alterniflora data to other canopy types and through a series of canopy manipulations which altered canopy height and stem densities.The results of this study indicate that flow velocity, turbulence intensity, and total turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) are significantly reduced within the vegetated canopy and that this reduction is inversely related to the amount of biomass present in the water column. Within the canopy, approximately 50% of the initial mean velocity and TKE is reduced within 5 m of the canopy edge. Within the canopy, mean velocity and TKE_horiz usually exceeded vertical velocity or TKE_vert and the vertical components of flow were attenuated more strongly than the horizontal. These results suggest that within the vegetation, turbulence contributes more to lateral advection than to vertical mixing. As a result, total suspended solid concentrations were shown to decrease logarithmically with distance from the canopy edge and to decrease at a faster rate in more densely vegetated regions of the canopy (i.e. lower TKE_vert) as compared to areas of sparser vegetation (i.e. higher TKE_vert).  相似文献   

Advection,Surface Area,and Sediment Load of the Fraser River Plume Under Variable Wind and River Forcing     

R. Pawlowicz  R. Di Costanzo  M. Halverson  E. Devred  S. Johannessen 《大气与海洋》2017,55(4-5):293-313

The Fraser River is the source of most particulate matter in the Strait of Georgia, and its dispersal is modulated by the Fraser’s plume. Here we examine the plume’s shape, location, and area, and the variation of these parameters with changes in wind and river forcing by examining a 13-year time series of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite imagery for the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM). Plume shape and its variations are quantified by dividing the 904 images in this time series into subsets showing conditions under specified wind and river flow conditions and forming a composite image for each subset. Quantitative analysis of scalar quantities like plume area and mean plume SPM are based on calculated values for all individual images. The plume area increases linearly with river flow, changing by a factor of 10 between lowest and highest flows. Mean plume SPM also changes with flow but only by a factor of two. The surface area of the plume is almost completely unaffected by wind conditions. Plume location, however, is very sensitive to both wind speed and direction. It can reach across the Strait at highest river flows and is advected either northwest or southeast along the Strait in the same direction as winds on daily time scales. We also estimate the residence time of sediment in the plume to be only a few days, allowing the plume itself to reshape rapidly over short time scales in response to weather conditions.  相似文献   

风廓线雷达资料在北京秋季雾霾天气过程分析中的应用     

花丛  刘超  张恒德 《气象科技》2017,45(5):870-875

利用L波段风廓线雷达资料,对北京2014年10月7-10日持续性雾霾天气过程的机理进行了研究,结果表明:低空偏南气流对雾霾的维持和发展有明显影响,当偏南风速大于8m/s时对大气扩散能力有一定改善作用,会抑制PM2.5浓度的持续增加;中低空弱冷空气扰动的下传高度决定了对污染物浓度的影响,当扰动不能到达近地层时,对污染物浓度影响较为微弱;雾霾维持阶段,近地层信噪比强度一般为10~35dB,可反映雾霾层的厚度;折射率结构常数可用于判断大气边界层高度变化情况,在热力湍流和污染物粒子散射作用下,白天边界层折射率结构常数可比夜间增大约3个量级。  相似文献   

Evaluation of NASA GISS Post-CMIP5 Single Column Model Simulated Clouds and Precipitation Using ARM Southern Great Plains Observations     

Lei ZHANG  Xiquan DONG  Aaron KENNEDY  Baike XI  Zhanqing LI 《大气科学进展》2017,34(3):306-320

The planetary boundary layer turbulence and moist convection parameterizations have been modified recently in the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies(GISS) Model E2 atmospheric general circulation model(GCM; post-CMIP5,hereafter P5). In this study, single column model(SCM P5) simulated cloud fractions(CFs), cloud liquid water paths(LWPs)and precipitation were compared with Atmospheric Radiation Measurement(ARM) Southern Great Plains(SGP) groundbased observations made during the period 2002–08. CMIP5 SCM simulations and GCM outputs over the ARM SGP region were also used in the comparison to identify whether the causes of cloud and precipitation biases resulted from either the physical parameterization or the dynamic scheme. The comparison showed that the CMIP5 SCM has difficulties in simulating the vertical structure and seasonal variation of low-level clouds. The new scheme implemented in the turbulence parameterization led to significantly improved cloud simulations in P5. It was found that the SCM is sensitive to the relaxation time scale. When the relaxation time increased from 3 to 24 h, SCM P5-simulated CFs and LWPs showed a moderate increase(10%–20%) but precipitation increased significantly(56%), which agreed better with observations despite the less accurate atmospheric state. Annual averages among the GCM and SCM simulations were almost the same, but their respective seasonal variations were out of phase. This suggests that the same physical cloud parameterization can generate similar statistical results over a long time period, but different dynamics drive the differences in seasonal variations. This study can potentially provide guidance for the further development of the GISS model.  相似文献   

Increased Light,Moderate,and Severe Clear-Air Turbulence in Response to Climate Change     

Paul D. WILLIAMS 《大气科学进展》2017,34(5):576-586

Anthropogenic climate change is expected to strengthen the vertical wind shears at aircraft cruising altitudes within the atmospheric jet streams. Such a strengthening would increase the prevalence of the shear instabilities that generate clear-air turbulence. Climate modelling studies have indicated that the amount of moderate-or-greater clear-air turbulence on transatlantic flight routes in winter will increase significantly in future as the climate changes. However,the individual responses of light,moderate,and severe clear-air turbulence have not previously been studied,despite their importance for aircraft operations. Here,we use climate model simulations to analyse the transatlantic wintertime clear-air turbulence response to climate change in five aviation-relevant turbulence strength categories. We find that the probability distributions for an ensemble of 21 clear-air turbulence diagnostics generally gain probability in their right-hand tails when the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is doubled. By converting the diagnostics into eddy dissipation rates,we find that the ensembleaverage airspace volume containing light clear-air turbulence increases by 59%(with an intra-ensemble range of 43%–68%),light-to-moderate by 75%(39%–96%),moderate by 94%(37%–118%),moderate-to-severe by 127%(30%–170%),and severe by 149%(36%–188%). These results suggest that the prevalence of transatlantic wintertime clear-air turbulence will increase significantly in all aviation-relevant strength categories as the climate changes.  相似文献   

成矿古水热系统与热液铀矿床研究历史,现状与展望   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

孙占学  李学礼 《地球科学进展》1996,11(6):569-574

介绍了成矿古水热系统与热液铀矿床研究的历史与现状。指出了以往研究只强调水及溶质起源，而对热源重视不够的欠缺。同时，结合热液铀 矿床的研究情况，对成矿古水热系统研究的下一步发展方向进行了展望。  相似文献