Review Paper: Post-stack 4D seismic time-shifts: Interpretation and evaluation     

Colin MacBeth  Maria-Daphne Mangriotis  Hamed Amini 《Geophysical Prospecting》2019,67(1):3-31

A review and analysis of post-stack time-lapse time-shifts has been carried out that covers published literature supplemented by in-house datasets available to the authors. Time-shift data are classified into those originating from geomechanical effects and those due to fluid saturation changes. From these data, conclusions are drawn regarding the effectiveness of post-stack time-shifts for overburden and reservoir monitoring purposes. A variety of field examples are shown that display the range and magnitude of variation for each class of application. The underlying physical mechanisms creating these time-shifts are then described, and linked to a series of generic and field-specific rock physics calculations that predict their magnitudes. These calculations serve as a guide for practitioners wishing to utilize this information on their own datasets. Conclusions are drawn regarding the reliability of this attribute for monitoring purposes, and the extent to which further development is required and how it should be reported by authors.  相似文献   

基于不同模型的河口区水产养殖塘水-气界面CH₄气体传输速率及扩散通量研究     

杨平  张逸飞  金宝石  谭立山  仝川 《湖泊科学》2019,31(1):268-281

模型估算法是水-气界面甲烷（CH₄）通量监测的主要方法.本研究选择6种不同的参数化模型方法估算了2015年6、8和10月两个亚热带河口养殖塘水-气界面CH₄传输速率（k_x）及其扩散通量,探讨了河口养殖塘k_x及CH₄扩散通量的变化特征和影响因子.结果表明：研究期间,不同模型估算下的k_x及其扩散通量均值在闽江河口养殖塘变化范围分别为1.60±0.75~6.29±1.30 cm/h和9.19±2.67~30.64±6.28 μmol/（m²·h）,在九龙江河口养殖塘的变化范围分别为0.89±0.19~6.07±0.61 cm/h和3.18±0.48~21.03±2.13 μmol/（m²·h）;k_x及其扩散通量在两个河口区均呈现随时间推移而升高的特征;整个养殖期间,养殖塘水-气界面平均CH₄传输速率k_x呈现闽江河口略高于九龙江河口（P>0.05）,但水-气界面平均CH₄扩散通量呈现闽江河口显著高于九龙江河口的特征（P<0.05）;风速、水体溶解CH₄浓度和盐度是调控河口区养殖塘水-气界面CH₄扩散通量变化的重要因子;不同模型估算出的河口养殖塘水-气界面CH₄传输速率k_x存在差异,表明模型估算法获得的水-气界面CH₄扩散通量存在一定的不确定性.  相似文献   

Study and application of an improved four-dimensional variational assimilation system based on the physical-space statistical analysis for the South China Sea     

Yumin Chen  Jie Xiang  Huadong Du  Sixun Huang  Qingtao Song 《海洋学报(英文版)》2021,40(1):135-146

The four-dimensional variational assimilation (4D-Var) has been widely used in meteorological and oceanographic data assimilation. This method is usually implemented in the model space, known as primal approach (P4D-Var). Alternatively, physical space analysis system (4D-PSAS) is proposed to reduce the computation cost, in which the 4D-Var problem is solved in physical space (i.e., observation space). In this study, the conjugate gradient (CG) algorithm, implemented in the 4D-PSAS system is evaluated and it is found that the non-monotonic change of the gradient norm of 4D-PSAS cost function causes artificial oscillations of cost function in the iteration process. The reason of non-monotonic variation of gradient norm in 4D-PSAS is then analyzed. In order to overcome the non-monotonic variation of gradient norm, a new algorithm, Minimum Residual (MINRES) algorithm, is implemented in the process of assimilation iteration in this study. Our experimental results show that the improved 4D-PSAS with the MINRES algorithm guarantees the monotonic reduction of gradient norm of cost function, greatly improves the convergence properties of 4D-PSAS as well, and significantly restrains the numerical noises associated with the traditional 4D-PSAS system.  相似文献   

曝气充氧对城市污染河道内源铵态氮释放的控制   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

凌芬  刘波  王国祥  许宽  周锋  杜旭 《湖泊科学》2013,25(1):23-30

以城市污染河道沉积物和上覆水为研究对象,利用模拟实验方法,探讨不同曝气充氧方式(水曝气EW、底泥曝气ES)对污染河道內源铵态氮(NH4+-N)释放的影响.研究结果发现:从间隙水和沉积物中NH4+-N的削减效果来看,底泥曝气均要优于水曝气;实验结束后,底泥曝气组沉积物与间隙水中NH4+-N含量分别减少63.39%和43.33%,水曝气组分别减少了7.54%和13.98%;从沉积物-水界面NH4+-N的扩散通量变化来看,水曝气组界面通量高于对照组,其变化规律与对照组相似;底泥曝气组沉积物-水界面NH4+-N扩散通量变化过程完全不同于其它两组,在整个试验周期内(除第5 d以外),底泥曝气组的通量低于水曝气组,在第15 d最低,为13.73 mg/(m2.d),仅为水曝气组和对照组的14.68%和19.93%,表明底泥曝气组沉积物NH4+-N的释放潜力低于水曝气组沉积物.  相似文献   

An application of 4D seismic monitoring technique to modern coal mining   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

Wenfeng Du  Suping Peng 《Geophysical Prospecting》2017,65(3):823-839

To study the impact of modern coal mining on the overlying formation, a full‐life‐cycle four‐dimensional seismic monitoring study has been carried out. Four seismic data campaigns have been performed using flexi‐bin geometry with square bins, with total duration of 171 days. The four seismic datasets have been processed with the same processing workflow and parameters; major problems such as statics correction, signal‐to‐noise ratio, resolution, and consistency processing are addressed taking into account the geological features of the research area. This guarantees that remaining four‐dimensional differences between the time‐lapse datasets show mostly geological factors due to the coal mining and effects such as surface subsidence. Our four‐dimensional seismic monitoring of modern coal mining shows that mined and unmined areas have significant zoning characteristics; coal mining has a direct impact on the overlying formation. The mining leads to obvious event subsidence, which reflects that overlying formations undergo subsidence during the mining process. The overlying formation appears as two zones called caving zone and fractured zone. We determine the fault dip of the overlying formation at one end of the working face to be 56°or so by calculation and conversion. We also see that, during the coal mining process, over time, the overlying formation has a self‐recovery capability, which gradually strengthens from the roof siltstone upward to the Aeolian sandstone near the surface. The stability of 20‐m coal pillars between working faces displays a strengthening trend and remains safe during the mining process due to both coal seam supporting and formation compaction effects.  相似文献   

CARE Dose 4D技术联合低kV及低剂量对比剂在MSCT头颈CTA应用          下载免费PDF全文

梁洪生  陈进军  陈小宇  梁宇豪  欧剑扬  马关华 《CT理论与应用研究》2017,26(5):605-612

目的:探讨128层螺旋CT头颈部血管成像(CTA)应用CARE Dose 4D技术联合低剂量对比剂优化扫描方案的可行性及价值。方法:前瞻性选取接受头颈部血管成像检查的60例患者,随机分为对照组(A组)和双低剂量组(B组),每组各30例。对照组(A组)管电压120 kV,采用CARE Dose 4D技术参考管电流120 mA,对比剂用量65 mL;双低剂量组(B组)管电压80 kV,采用CARE Dose 4D技术参考管电流120 mA,对比剂用量45 mL。测量双侧颈总动脉、双侧颈内动脉及双侧大脑中动脉M1段CT值、噪声、信噪比(SNR)进行客观图像质量评价。由两名高年资主治医师采用双盲法进行图像质量评分评价。对比A组与B组间辐射剂量。结果:两名主治医师对动脉图像量质评分的一致性较高(Kappa=0.782,P<0.05)。两组动脉图像质量评分、SNR比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。双低剂量组各动脉强化CT值均高于对照组;双低剂量组容积CT剂量指数、剂量长度乘积和有效剂量均明显低于对照组;差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:128层MSCT头颈血管成像应用低kV及CARE Dose 4D技术联合低剂量对比剂扫描方案,不仅辐射剂量降低68%,同时造影剂用量降低30.7%,降低对比剂危害风险并节省费用,保证诊断图像质量值得临床推广。   相似文献   

西藏地区M_L≥4级地震活动低频次异常分析     

高锦瑞  杨文  许亮 《四川地震》2019,(3):13-17

地震平静或者增强现象相对于正常地震活动背景都是一种异常变化。经初步研究发现,在西藏区域内强地震之前经常出现ML4级以上地震活动频次较低的现象。本文通过对2008~2018年西藏自治区及邻区的ML4级以上地震和M6级以上地震目录进行整理分析,并对研究时段内的8次M6.0级以上地震(余震不计)前,ML4级以上地震连续6个月的月频次为4次以下以及后续发生M6级以上地震的情况进行系统分析研究,找出了ML4级以上地震低频次活动的异常特征,得到了4级地震低频次活动异常可作为西藏区域内强地震中短期预测指标,并将研究结果应用于西藏地区的预测预报研究工作当中。  相似文献   

Increased winter-spring precipitation from the last glaciation to the Holocene inferred from a δ~(13)C_(org) record from Yili Basin(Xinjiang,NW China)     

Keliang ZHAO  Xiaoqiang LI  Hai XU  Xingying ZHOU  John DODSON  Junchi LIU 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2019,(7):1125-1137

The nature and dynamics of climate change in central Asia since the late Pleistocene are controversial. Moreover,most of the published studies focus mainly on the evolution of moisture conditions, and there have been few attempts to address changes in seasonality. In this study, records of δ¹³C_org, TOC, TN, C/N and grain size were obtained from lacustrine sediments at Yili Basin, Xinjiang, NW China. Our aim was to reconstruct the trend in seasonality of precipitation from the last glaciation to the Holocene. The organic matter content of the sediments is derived predominantly from terrestrial plants. The δ¹³C_orgvalues vary from-19.4‰ to-24.8‰, indicating that the vegetation was dominated by C_3 plants. Winter-spring precipitation is identified as the factor determining the relative proportions of C_3 and C_4 plants in the region. A negative trend in δ¹³C_orgcorresponding to an increase in the relative abundance of C_3 plants indicate a trend of increasing winter-spring precipitation from the last glaciation to the Holocene. The increased incidence of wintertime storms in the interior of Asia is suggested to result in the increase of winterspring precipitation in the Holocene.  相似文献   

Abiotic Stream Classification as a Basis for a Surveillance Monitoring Network in Austria in Accordance with the EU Water Framework Directive     

R. Wimmer  A. Chovanec  O. Moog  M. H. Fink  D. Gruber 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2000,28(4):177-184

This study presents the 26 major surface water types established in Austria in accordance with the draft of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). These types are made up of so‐called aquatic landscape units and large rivers. The 17 aquatic landscape units were defined using a database in which all Austrian running waters with a catchment area greater than 10 km^[2] were described according to the following typological features: size of catchment area, altitude of catchment area and confluences, stream order, geology, zoogeographical regions (ecoregions), and subregions. At running waters with gauges, a classification according to flow regimes was carried out. Large rivers were defined as running waters with a stream order ⩾7 and/or a catchment area > 2500 km² and/or with an average flow >50 m³/s. These major types represent, inter alia, the basis for the establishment of a surveillance monitoring network as required by the WFD.  相似文献   

Association of Humic Substances: Verification of Lambert‐Beer Law     

H. Langhals  G. Abbt‐Braun  F. H. Frimmel 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2000,28(6):329-332

The precision UV/Vis‐absorption spectra of a naturally occurring aquatic humic substance were measured in the range of concentration 0.003 to 1.4 g/L DOC (dissolved organic carbon). Lambert‐Beer law is well obeyed at low concentrations whereas deviations have been observed for DOC concentrations above 0.1 g/L: they are interpreted in terms of self‐solvation and formation of micelles.  相似文献