新制度经济学下城市群形成与演进机理分析框架研究     

王伟  孙平军  杨青山 《地理科学》2018,38(4):539-547

基于传统各学科分析的城市群形成与演进的影响因子,依据因子作用的方式和属性分成3类、阐释三者之间相互联系和作用的机理,在此基础上构建纳入制度因子的城市群形成与演进的影响因子综合分析模型;基于新制度经济学视角阐释制度视角的城市群形成与演进的作用机理,提出其实质就是现有制度及其变迁过程中是如何影响人的行为选择,人的行为又如何影响城市群形成与演进过程中的各项经济活动（实体因子）,进而明晰制度及其演变对城市群形成与演进中的作用机理,并据此从宏观制度变迁视角、中观机制设计视角、微观交易成本视角构建了城市群形成与演进机理的新制度经济学解释框架和具体主要研究内容的设计。  相似文献   

Using a pore‐scale model to quantify the effect of particle re‐arrangement on pore structure and hydraulic properties     

Oagile Dikinya  Peter Lehmann  Christoph Hinz  Graham Aylmore 《水文研究》2007,21(8):989-997

A pore‐scale model based on measured particle size distributions has been used to quantify the changes in pore space geometry of packed soil columns resulting from a dilution in electrolyte concentration from 500 to 1 mmol l^?1 NaCl during leaching. This was applied to examine the effects of particle release and re‐deposition on pore structure and hydraulic properties. Two different soils, an agricultural soil and a mining residue, were investigated with respect to the change in hydraulic properties. The mining residue was much more affected by this process with the water saturated hydraulic conductivity decreasing to 0·4% of the initial value and the air‐entry value changing from 20 to 50 cm. For agricultural soil, there was little detectable shift in the water retention curve but the saturated hydraulic conductivity decreased to 8·5% of the initial value. This was attributed to localized pore clogging (similar to a surface seal) affecting hydraulic conductivity, but not the microscopically measured pore‐size distribution or water retention. We modelled the soil structure at the pore scale to explain the different responses of the two soils to the experimental conditions. The size of the pores was determined as a function of deposited clay particles. The modal pore size of the agricultural soil as indicated by the constant water retention curve was 45 µm and was not affected by the leaching process. In the case of the mining residue, the mode changed from 75 to 45 µm. This reduction of pore size corresponds to an increase of capillary forces that is related to the measured shift of the water retention curve. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Mountain hazards and the resilience of social–ecological systems: lessons learned in India and Canada     

James S. Gardner  Julie Dekens 《Natural Hazards》2007,41(2):317-336

Mountain regions are subject to a variety of hazardous processes. Earthquakes, landslides, snow avalanches, floods, debris flows, epidemics and fires, among other processes, have caused injury, death, damage and destruction. They also face challenges from increased populations, and expansion and intensification of␣activities, land uses and infrastructure. The combination of a dynamic bio- geophysical environment and intensified human use has increased the vulnerability of mountain social–ecological systems to risk from hazards. The ability of social–ecological systems to build resilience in the context of hazards is an important factor in their long-term sustainability. The role of resilience building in understanding the impact of hazards in mountain areas is examined and illustrated, in part, through examples from Canada and India. Resilient social–ecological systems have the ability to learn and adjust, use all forms of knowledge, to self-organize and to develop positive institutional linkages with other social–ecological systems in the face of hazards. The analysis suggests that traditional social–ecological systems built resilience through avoidance, which was effective for localized hazards. The more recent development and implementation of cross-scale institutional linkages is shown to be a particularly effective means of resilience building in mountain social–ecological systems in the face of all hazards.  相似文献   

发展循环经济的制度解析:国外经验及中国借鉴     

张晓平  张青云 《世界地理研究》2007,16(3):85-92

随着经济发展的资源和环境约束日益突出，发展循环经济，建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会成为中国可持续发展战略不可分割的组成部分。国际上，循环经济已由最初的理念逐步被推向实践，成为构建新型经济模式的重要手段和途径。本文在回顾发达国家循环经济发展历程的基础上，从制度供需及制度主体角色定位的角度概括其在发展循环经济的主要经验。最后比照中国循环经济的发展实践，指出中国循环经济发展中的制度缺陷。  相似文献   

Prospects and problems of afforestation of wastelands in India: A synthesis of macro- and micro-perspectives     

Kulbhushan Balooni  Katar Singh 《Geoforum》2007,38(6):1276-1289

There are large tracts of wastelands in India, which have been lying almost barren for decades. Wasteland afforestation is found to be a financially viable and environmentally sound use of most of those lands. In addition, tree planting on wastelands is emerging as a potent tool for arresting the increasing misuse and over-exploitation of these lands and environmental degradation in India. This paper presents an overview of afforestation programmes in India undertaken by various agencies, then examines the prospects of increasing the pace of afforestation and identifies various policy and institutional issues that impede the pace of wastelands afforestation. This is done by adopting a two-pronged methodology comprising a review of literature available on the subject (a macro-perspective) and case studies (a micro-perspective). The results of this study show that there is inadequate investment in the forestry sector as a whole and there are several policy and institutional obstacles to promoting wastelands afforestation in India.  相似文献   

En(gender)ing the debate about water’s management and care - views from the Antipodes     

Julie Davidson  Elaine Stratford 《Geoforum》2007,38(5):815-827

In this paper, we map the gendered contours of contemporary water management in order to demonstrate that regimes for individual ownership of water rights, markets, and the productive use of water simply reinscribe and simultaneously submerge in their apparent gender-neutrality a normative masculinity that underpins economic globalization and fortifies existing power relations. Not only do such arrangements disadvantage reproductive values and non-consumptive users; more generally, they also lack the capacity to ensure water’s sustainable development. Consequently, new management institutions for sustainability are demanded and, in making a case for equity-enhancing and adaptive institutions that better reflect water’s materiality, its multiple values and emerging water scarcity, we argue the need to invoke the conserving and ecologically protective feminine principle. To support our reasoning, we analyse water reform processes instituted in Australia and specifically by the State of Tasmania, referring to the latter jurisdiction to illustrate the gendered nature of resource management and to underscore tensions between economic globalization and sustainability, concluding that the tensions between the two agendas are probably irresolvable. We position our work in the borderlands among gender studies, feminist geography and philosophy, and political ecology, drawing together insights about the construction of resource management, the possibilities of the feminine care ethic, and ideas about the characteristics of institutional systems that could ensure equitable allocation and sustainable use of the planet’s resources.  相似文献   

MAPGIS在土地开发整理项目规划中的应用     

ZHANG Shi-quan    CHEN Wei-qiang    WU Xun-wei  ZHANG Li-chao 《测绘学院学报》2007,(Z1)

土地开发整理对增加耕地,提高耕地质量意义重大,实施土地整理项目前必须做好项目规划设计。以宁陵县易地占补平衡项目为例,探讨应用MAPGIS进行土地开发整理规划设计的方法,详细论述了项目区现状图和规划图制作与输入的方法,该方法革新了传统的手工方法,提高了工作效率和工作质量。  相似文献   

Application of the Common Offset Seismic Reflection Method to Urban Active Fault Surveys     

Liu Baojin 《中国地震研究》2007,21(2):196-203

The method and principle of common offset seismic surveys as well as the field data gathering and processing technique were introduced briefly. Through two urban active fault survey examples in Fuzhou and Shenyang, the efficiency and limitation of using the common offset seismic reflection technique to carry out urban active fault surveys were probed. The results show that this technique has the properties of high resolving power, better reconstruction of subsurface structures, and real-time analyzing and interpretation of investigation results on site. This method can be used to quickly locate objects under investigation accurately in the areas with thinner Quaternary overburdens and strong bedrock interface fluctuations.  相似文献   

岩溶槽谷地区的土地利用和土地整理———以重庆市涪陵区荒田片区为例   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

刁承泰  陈菲  吕韬  周志跃 《中国岩溶》2002,21(1):14-18

以重庆市涪陵区荒田片区为研究对象,分析了四川盆地东部山地中岩溶槽谷地区的生态条件和土地利用特点,认为耕地石漠化严重和水资源利用能力极差是制约岩溶槽谷地区生态农业可持续发展的主要因素;在此基础上探讨了岩溶槽谷地区土地整理的重点和技术。岩溶槽谷地区的土地整理, 应在分析当地土地资源利用现状和潜力、预测未来水资源供需平衡的基础上,以坡改梯工程和水利工程为重点,并与生态建设相结合。   相似文献   

固结问题无单元法解的影响因素分析     

王志亮  徐庆华  殷宗泽 《岩土力学》2003,24(6):1011-1015

无单元法是求解比奥固结问题的一种新型数值方法。在采用罚函数法处理本质边界条件的基础上,推导出无单元伽辽金法解固结问题的系统方程。并着重讨论了计算域内结点分布方式、结点影响域的形状和大小、数值积分方案、惩罚因子等因素对结点位移、超孔隙水压力等的计算结果精度的影响。通过比较、分析,分别提供出相应的取值范围,或给出了参考性建议。  相似文献