Internal soil moisture and piezometric responses to rainfall-induced shallow slope failures     

Huang Ching-Chuan  Ju Yih-Jang  Hwu Lih-Kang  Lee Jin-Long   《Journal of Hydrology》2009,370(1-4):39-51

Better knowledge regarding internal soil moisture and piezometric responses in the process of rainfall-induced shallow slope failures is the key to an effective prediction of the landslide and/or debris flow initiation. To this end, internal soil moisture and piezometric response of 0.7-m-deep, 1.5-m-wide, 1.7-m-high, and 3.94-m-long semi-infinite sandy slopes rested on a bi-linear impermeable bedrock were explored using a chute test facility with artificial rainfall applications. The internal response time defined by the inflection point of the soil moisture and piezometric response curves obtained along the soil–bedrock interface were closely related to some critical failure states, such as the slope toe failure and extensive slope failures. It was also found that the response times obtained at the point of abrupt bedrock slope decrease can be used as indicators for the initiation of rainfall-induced shallow slope failures. An investigation of spatial distributions of soil water content, ω (or degrees of saturation, S_r), in the slope at critical failure states shows that the 0.2 m – below – surface zone remains unsaturated with S_r 40–60%, regardless of their distances from the toe and the rainfall intensity. Non-uniform distributions of ω (or S_r) along the soil–bedrock interface at critical failure states were always associated with near-saturation states (S_r 80–100%) around the point of bedrock slope change or around the transient ‘toe’ upstream of the slumped mass induced by the retrogressive failure of the slope. These observations suggest the important role of the interflow along the soil–bedrock interface and the high soil water content (or high porewater pressure) around the point of bedrock slope deflection in the rainfall-induced failure of sandy slopes consisting of shallow impermeable bedrocks. The present study proposes an ‘internal response time’ criterion to substantiate the prediction of rainfall-induced shallow slope failures. It is believed that the ‘internal response time’ reflects the overall characteristics of a slope under rainfall infiltration and can be as useful as the conventional meteorology-based threshold times. The ‘internal response time’ theory can be generalized via numerical modeling of slope hydrology, slope geology and slope stability in the future.  相似文献   

应用TM影像进行大比例尺土地利用类型划分探讨——以花江喀斯特峡谷区示范区为例   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

张雅梅  熊康宁  安裕伦 《中国岩溶》2003,22(2):150-155

通过花江示范区土地利用类型的划分,说明利用TM遥感数据进行喀斯特峡谷区1∶ 10000大比例尺土地利用类型划分中存在的问题,包括混合像元、阴影、同物异谱、同谱异物,以及独特的石旮旯土。根据国家环保局2000年分类标准,结合花江喀斯特峡谷的实际情况,本文采用了RS、GI S和传统勾绘技术相结合的方法进行土地利用类型划分,分类结果表明此方法是可行的,其精度可达89. 65% 。   相似文献   

Sustainable livelihoods in the global land rush? Archetypes of livelihood vulnerability and sustainability potentials     

《Global Environmental Change》2016

Large-scale land acquisitions (LSLAs) have become a major concern for land use sustainability at a global scale. A considerable body of case studies has shown that the livelihood outcomes of LSLAs vary, but the understanding of factors and processes that generate these livelihood outcomes remains controversial and fragmented in terms of cases, contexts, and normative orientations. Therefore, this study presents a meta-analysis of case studies and applies the archetypes approach developed in global change research to analyse the configurations of factors and processes that generate different livelihood outcomes in LSLA situations. The analysis is based on 44 systematically selected studies covering 66 cases in 21 countries in Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Eastern Europe. The results show that LSLAs affect rural livelihoods through a small set of archetypical configurations. Adverse livelihood outcomes arise most frequently from processes of (1) enclosure of livelihood assets, (2) elite capture, (3) selective marginalisation of people already living in difficult conditions, and (4) polarisation of development discourses, and less frequently from (5) competitive exclusion, (6) agribusiness failure, and (7) transient jobs. The processes are activated in specific configurations of social-ecological factors. Moving beyond diagnosis, the paper identifies archetypical potentials for safeguarding or enhancing sustainable livelihoods in LSLA target regions at multiple levels of decision-making. Finally, we analyse how contextual factors modify these general insights. This paper helps to advance the archetypes methodology for use in global change research that aims at integral analysis of recurrent patterns expressed in local manifestations. The results can be used to better link local case studies with regional and global inventories of the global land rush.  相似文献   

Growth of cosmic structure: Probing dark energy beyond expansion     

《Astroparticle Physics》2015

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青藏高原低涡移出高原的大尺度条件   总被引：14，自引：8，他引：6  

郁淑华  高文良 《高原气象》2008,27(6)

利用NCEP再分析资料,计算分析了各类高原涡东移出与未移出高原的对流层中、上层多种合成物理量场。研究指出,高原低涡移出高原是受西风带天气系统与副热带天气系统的相互作用及对流层中层与上层的天气系统相互作用造成的。研究揭示了低涡东移出高原的大尺度条件及物理图像,还揭示了各类高原涡东移出高原的大尺度条件的主要差异。为预报高原涡移出高原的暴雨、洪涝提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

Packet Structure of Surface Eddies in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer   总被引：6，自引：6，他引：0  

Scott E. Hommema  Ronald J. Adrian 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2003,106(1):147-170

A smoke visualization experiment has beenperformed in the first 3,m ofneutral and unstable atmospheric boundary layersat very large Reynolds number(Re > 10⁶). Under neutral atmosphericconditions mean wind profiles agreewell with those in the canonical flatplate zero-pressure-gradient turbulentboundary layer. The experiment was designedto minimize the temperaturedifference between the passive marker (smoke)and the air to ensure that anyobserved structures were due to vortical, ratherthan buoyant, motions. Imagesacquired in the streamwise–wall-normal planeusing a planar laser light-sheetare strikingly similar to those observed inlaboratory experiments at low to moderate Reynolds numbers. They reveal large-scaleramp-like structures withdownstream inclination of 3°–35°.This inclination isinterpreted as the hairpin packet growthangle following the hairpin vortexpacket model ofAdrian, Meinhart, and Tomkins.The distribution of this characteristicangle agrees with the results of experiments at far lower Reynolds numbers,suggesting a similarity in structures among low, moderate, and high Reynoldsnumber boundary layers at vastly different scales. These results indicate thatthe hairpin vortex packet model extends over a large range of scales. Theeffect of vertical heat transport in an unstable atmosphere on wall structuresis investigated in terms of the hairpin vortex packet model.  相似文献   

Low-Frequency Waves Forced by Large-scale Topography in the Barotropic Model     

付遵涛  刘式适  付彩霞 《大气科学进展》1998,(3)

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马剑-下梓州断裂带特征及其对天姆尖盆地铀矿的控制作用     

毛孟才 《铀矿地质》1998,(3)

本文根据马剑-下梓州断裂带的基本特征,分析研究了该断裂带的形成和发展过程;同时根据该断裂带两侧已知铀矿化的特征,阐明了马剑-下梓州断裂带对铀成矿的控制作用。在初步查清天姆尖盆地铀成矿地质背景及其形成富大铀矿床若干地质条件的基础上,指出天姆尖地区寻找富大火山岩型铀矿的方向。  相似文献   

大型边坡加固技术的研究   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

祝介旺  庄华泽  李建伟  张路青  杨志法  伍法权 《工程地质学报》2008,16(3):365-370

随着国家大规模经济建设的展开,水利水电、交通、矿山、国防等工程建设中经常会遇到大型边坡的加固问题。以边坡规模、工程地质条件和工程重要性作为影响边坡加固方法选择的3类主要因素,并将其分别分解为3个级别,通过各因素之间不同级别的组合分级来确定边坡加固方案的初步选择。对于一些工程地质条件很差的重要边坡,现有的边坡加固方法存在一定的局限性和不足。为此,作者提出了可用于大型边坡加固的地下梁-桩框架结构体系。通过将桩和梁相互连接而构成的空间框架结构,该体系可以将稳定性不足的坡体与深部稳定岩体牢固地连结起来,进而可以充分发挥岩体的自支撑能力。该结构体系的实施不仅可以充分利用为其他目的而开挖的探洞、试验洞等已有洞体,而还可以轻易、高效地实现边坡的排水和监测。  相似文献   

Large-scale Vertical Momentum,Kinetic Energy and Moisture Fluxes in the Antarctic Sea-ice Region     

Ian?SimmondsEmail author  Anthony?Rafter  Timothy?Cowan  Andrew?B.?Watkins  Kevin?Keay 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,117(1):149-177

There are very strong thermal gradients between the Antarctic continent and the sea-ice zone, and between that zone and the ocean to the north. As a result of these contrasts the sea-ice domain is one of strong cyclogenesis and high cyclone frequency. In this study we explore many aspects of that cyclonic behaviour and investigate the manner in which these systems influence, and are influenced by, the sea ice. Using the NCEP-DOE re-analyses (1979–2002) we have determined variables that are proportional to the mean of the wind stress and the mean rate at which mechanical energy is imparted to the surface. Using two decompositions of the wind field we have obtained estimates of how much of these fluxes are contributed to by the transient eddies. We find these to be significant over the sea ice and the ocean to the north, particularly when a new decomposition is used. The presence of frequent and vigorous cyclones is a central factor that determines the positive mean freshwater flux over the sea-ice zone in all seasons. This transfer to the ocean is smallest in summer (0.49 mm day⁻¹) and assumes a maximum of 1.27 mm day⁻¹ in winter.  相似文献