Fluxes of iron and manganese across the sediment–water interface under various redox conditions     

Svetlana V. Pakhomova  Per O.J. Hall  Mikhail Yu. Kononets  Alexander G. Rozanov  Anders Tengberg  Andrei V. Vershinin 《Marine Chemistry》2007

Fluxes of dissolved forms of iron and manganese across the sediment–water interface were studied in situ in the Gulf of Finland and the Vistula Lagoon (Baltic Sea), and in the Golubaya Bay (Black Sea) from 2001 to 2005. Fluxes were measured using chamber incubations, and sediment cores were collected and sliced to assess the porewater and solid phase metal distribution at different depths. Measured and calculated benthic fluxes of manganese and iron were directed out of sediment for all sites and were found to vary between 70–4450 and 5–1000 µmole m^− 2 day^− 1 for manganese and iron, respectively. The behavior of the studied metals at various redox conditions in the near-bottom water and in the sediment was the main focus in this study. Our results show the importance of bottom water redox conditions for iron fluxes. We measured no fluxes at oxic conditions, intermediate fluxes at anoxic conditions (up to 200 μmole m^− 2 day^− 1) and high fluxes at suboxic conditions (up to 1000 μmole m^− 2 day^− 1). Total dissolved iron fluxes were generally dominated by iron(II). Contribution of iron(III) to the total iron flux did not exceed 20%. Obtained fluxes of manganese at all studied regions showed a linear correlation (r² = 0.97) to its concentration in the porewater of the top sediment layer (0–5 mm) and did not depend on dissolved oxygen concentrations of bottom water. Organically complexed iron and manganese were in most cases not involved in the benthic exchange processes.  相似文献   

多金属结核瞬时生长速率及其意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

孙志国  姚德 《海洋湖沼通报》1996,(1):31-37

本文用Ｘ射线荧光光谱分析，沿结核壳层的生长方向逐点扫描测定铁锰含量，计算结核壳层的瞬时生长速率，划分结核壳层的生长阶段，计算各生长阶段的生长速率，并在结构壳层中建立高分辨率的时间标尺，重建多金属结核生长历史。  相似文献   

南海东北陆坡区铁锰结核的特征和成因   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4  

林振宏  季福武  张富元  林晓彤  时振波 《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2003,23(1):7-12

对取自南海东北陆坡区的铁锰结核成分进行了X射线衍射，中子活化和电子探针研究，结核的组成矿物有δMnO2、针铁矿，水针铁矿，石英，斜长石，角闪石，钾长石，伊利石和白云母等。铁锰成分变化较大:Fe为7．1％－16．0％；Mn为5．8％－7．7％。Cu,Co,Ni,Pb含量低，分别为0．04％－0．06％、0．11％－0．15％、0．02％－0．03％和0．05％－0．07％，Mn/Fe比值为0．7。铁锰结核从内壳层向外壳层含铁量逐渐增加，Cu,Ni含量波动降低，反映在其形成过程中受到沉积环境波动，陆源碎屑物供给增加和Mn,Cu,Ni,Co元素来量变化的影响，具有典型边缘海水沉积成因铁锰结核的特征。  相似文献   

分形理论在太平洋多金属结核分布研究中的应用   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  

韩喜球  李家彪  王英  金翔龙  李树锋 《海洋学报》2001,23(3):142-146

分形理论与耗散结构、混沌理论一样,是最近一个时期非线性科学研究中所取得的重要成果[1],并在近年来得到了迅速的发展.其主体内容是研究系统的自相似性和不规则性,能为复杂问题的定量化提供新的途径[2].用分形理论研究地质现象是非线性科学的一个重要方向,前人已在地质数据的分形结构、地质时空结构的自相似性及其动力学机制、地质现象的分形重建与矿床分形统计预测方法等方面进行探索,取得了一些重要成果[3～6],但值得指出的是地质分形是统计意义上的无规分形,与数学意义上的严格自相似有区别.  相似文献   

Non-destructive γ spectrum analysis of polymetallic nodules from the eastern Pacific     

Liu Guangshan  Huang Yipu  Cai Yihu  Chen Min 《海洋学报(英文版)》2002,21(3):373-384

Non-destructive 7 spectrum analyses of 20 polymetallic nodules from the eastern Pacificwere carried out. Numerous nuclides, such as 238U,230Th,226Ra,210Pb,228Ra,228Th,235U,227Ac (or 231 Pa) and 40K were detected. The count rates of the nuclides in the top or bottom side of nodules facing detector were measured and the ratio R of the count rates of nuclides in the top and the bottom sides was obtained. From counts and ratios, some useful information relating to the growth and movement of the nodules, the source of nuclide and relationship between those and environment can be gotten. A new method for clear distinction between the top and bottom sides of the nodule based on the R value of 226Ra or 210Pb was developed. In addition, one can infer the turnover of nodules according to the R value of 230Th.  相似文献   

Marine Minerals in the Mexican Pacific: Toward Efficient Resource Management     

L. W. Daessl  D. W. Fischer 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(3):197-206

Vast reserves of marine minerals are known to occur within the Mexican Exclusive Economic Zone. These reserves include: (1) heavy mineral placers rich in titanium and iron along the coast of San Antonio del Mar, Baja California and the southern States of Oaxaca and Guerrero; (2) phosphorites, which represent the only source for superphosphate fertilizers along the Pacific coast off the Baja California peninsula and the Gulf of Tehuantepec; and (3) manganese oxide deposits in nodule and crusts located adjacent to the Clarion-Clipperton Zone and containing high concentrations of Cu + Ni + Co (up to 1.9%), which are essential for the steel and super-alloy industries. Few but important efforts toward surveying these deposits have been carried out by Mexican and international researchers. Relevant data generated by these investigations are reviewed here and put together in a single document. Adequate knowledge of Mexican mineral resources is essential for the development of management strategies when offshore mining starts during this century. Thus, the review discusses the economics inherent to ocean mining in Mexico, setting baselines for future exploration and development activities in the Mexican Exclusive Economic Zone.  相似文献   

利用元素分析仪测定锰结核中化合水     

汪依凡  黄德佩  崔淑英 《海洋科学》1990,14(4):48-52

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Parameterization of iron and manganese cycling in the Black Sea suboxic and anoxic environment     

Sergey Konovalov  Anatoliy Samodurov  Temel Oguz  Leonid Ivanov 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2004,51(12):273

New and published data on the distribution and speciation of manganese and iron in seawater are analyzed to identify and parameterize major biogeochemical processes of their cycling within the suboxic (15.6σ_t16.2) and anoxic layers (σ_t16.2) of the Black Sea. A steady-state transport-reaction model is applied to reveal layering and parameterize kinetics of redox and dissolution/precipitation processes. Previously published data on speciation of these elements in seawater are used to specify the nature of the transformations. Two particulate species of iron (Fe(III) hydroxide and Fe(II) sulfide) are necessary to adequately parameterize the vertical profile of suspended iron, while three particulate species (hydrous Mn(IV) oxide, Mn(II) sulfide, and Mn(II) carbonate) are necessary to describe the profile of suspended manganese. In addition to such processes as mixing and advection, precipitation, sinking, and dissolution of manganese carbonate are found to be essential in maintaining the observed vertical distribution of dissolved Mn(II). These results are used to interpret the observed difference in the form of vertical distribution for dissolved Mn(II) and Fe(II). Redox transformations of iron and manganese are coupled via oxidation of dissolved iron by sinking suspended manganese at σ_t16.2±0.2 kg m⁻³. The particulate manganese, necessary for this reaction, is supplied through oxidation of dissolved Mn(II). The best agreement with observations is achieved when nitrate, rather than oxygen, is set to oxidize dissolved Mn(II) in the lower part of the suboxic layer (15.90σ_t16.2). The results support the idea that, after sulfides of these metals are formed, they sink with particulate organic matter. The sinking rates of the particles and specific rates of individual redox and dissolved-particulate transformations have been estimated by fitting the vertical profile of the net rate.  相似文献   

南莱恩群岛和北科克群岛海域的锰结核丰度变化及其控制因素(英文)     

林振宏  D.S.Cronan  R.A.Hodkinson 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》1989,(1)

太平洋南莱恩群岛和北科克群岛海域广泛分布锰结核。锰结核丰度变化从0.17公斤/米~2到31.2公斤/米~2,其中大于20公斤/米~2、15—10公斤/米~2和10—5公斤/米~2的站位分别为3.4％、13.8％和24％。锰结核大小从1厘米以下到10厘米,但多数直径在2—6厘米之间。锰结核的丰度变化与中结核(2—6厘米)的含量呈正比。结核分布和水深有关,以5000～5400米深度最为富集。在南纬5～9°的南部区多数丰度超过10公斤/米~2。控制南莱恩群岛和北科克群岛海域锰结核丰度变化的主要因素是沉积速率、碳酸盐补偿深度和浊流。  相似文献   

东太平洋海盆多金属结核生长历史的重建     

孙志国  韩昌甫 《台湾海峡》1997,16(1):43-49

依据多金属结核ＣＣＣ１４剖面上Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｕ的含量和有关的公式，本文计算该结核生长过程中瞬时生长速率和Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｕ的瞬时通量，并在结核中建立时间标尺，划分和对比结核生长阶段，重建结核ＣＣＣ１４８．７９３Ｍａ，Ｂ．Ｐ．以来的生长历史。研究结果表明，采用由铁、锰含量计算结核生长速率的公式，可详细了解结核生长过程，并能识别与提取强核中古海洋信息记录。  相似文献