Understanding the cost of establishing marine protected areas     

Ashley McCrea-Strub  Dirk Zeller  Ussif Rashid Sumaila  Jay Nelson  Andrew Balmford  Daniel Pauly 《Marine Policy》2011

While the recurrent cost of managing marine protected areas (MPAs) has been documented and estimated, there has been virtually no attempt to quantify the cost of establishing MPAs in the first place. This lack of attention is likely the result of the complexity of the process, involving often uncoordinated efforts of a multitude of governmental and non-governmental entities over a protracted period of time with no clear start and end-point. Using information gathered from a representative subset of MPAs worldwide, this paper presents the first attempt to identify and describe the various components, and explore potential predictors of the total funds spent in the course of establishment. The thirteen MPAs studied vary in size (from <1 to >360,000 km²), location (including near- and offshore in both developed and developing countries), objectives and degree of protection. Variation in MPA start-up costs is shown to be most significantly related to both MPA size and the duration of the establishment phase. Development of a method to estimate the potential cost of establishing proposed MPAs should play a crucial role in the conservation planning process.  相似文献   

Ten guiding principles for the delineation of priority habitat for endangered small cetaceans     

Peter S. Ross  Jay Barlow  Thomas A. Jefferson  Brendan E. Hickie  Tatiana Lee  Christina MacFarquhar  E. Christien Parsons  Kimberly N. Riehl  Naomi A. Rose  Elisabeth Slooten  Chia-Yang Tsai  John Y. Wang  Andrew J. Wright  Shih Chu Yang 《Marine Policy》2011

The adoption of endangered species laws in various nations has intensified efforts to better understand, and protect, at-risk species or populations, and their habitats. In many countries, delineating a portion of a species' habitat as particularly worthy of protection has become a mantra of these laws. Unfortunately, the laws themselves often provide scientists and managers with few, if any, guidelines for how to define such habitat. Conservationists and scientists may view protecting part of the habitat of an endangered species as an ineffectual compromise, while managers may be under pressure to allow a range of human activities within the species' habitat. In the case of small cetaceans, establishing boundaries for such areas can also be complicated by their mobility, the fluid nature of their environment, and the often ephemeral nature of their habitat features. The convergence of multiple human impacts in coastal waters around the world is impacting many small cetaceans (and other species) that rely on these areas for feeding, reproducing, and resting. The ten guiding principles presented here provide a means to characterize the habitat needs of small, at-risk cetaceans, and serve as a basis for the delineation of ‘priority habitat’ boundaries. This conceptual approach should facilitate a constructive discourse between scientists and managers engaged in efforts to recover endangered species. The degree to which the recovery of an at-risk species can be reconciled with sustainable economic activity will depend in part on how well these principles are incorporated into the delineation of priority habitat.  相似文献   

Adaptive governance and the human dimensions of marine mammal management: Implications for policy in a changing North     

Chanda L. Meek  Amy Lauren Lovecraft  Riku Varjopuro  Martha Dowsley  Aaron T. Dale 《Marine Policy》2011

As climate change has driven dramatic changes in Northern sea ice regimes, marine mammals have gained iconic status around the world reflecting the perils of global warming. There is a tension between policies that have international support like a ban on seal hunting or whaling, and the adoption of adaptive, flexible rules that are likely to work in Northern places. Whereas most wildlife policy focuses on biological information to inform policy strategy, this analysis focuses on the “human dimensions” of Northern marine mammal management. This research examines ways in which human relationships and modes of governance affect conservation success. Standard analyses of risk to animal populations focused on direct sources of take are inadequate to address multi-causal, complex problems such as climate-induced habitat loss or increased industrialization of the Arctic Ocean. Early conservation policy strategies focusing on the moratorium of take have eliminated or reduced such practices as commercialized hunting and high levels of fisheries bycatch, but may be less relevant in an era in which habitats and climate changes are key drivers of population dynamics. This paper argues that effective adaptive policy requires new ways of learning about and governing human interactions with marine mammals. Through an exploration of marine mammal management in three Northern regions (Alaska, Nunavut, and the Finnish Baltic Sea coast), the paper analyzes the extent to which these marine mammal management regimes are practicing adaptive governance, that is, building cross-scale (local to international) understanding while allowing actors at the local scale the flexibility to direct the creation of rules that are ecologically robust and likely to succeed. Lessons are taken from these examples and used to propose selected policy and research recommendations for the marine mammal policy community.  相似文献   

Prey preferences among the community of deep-diving odontocetes from the Bay of Biscay, Northeast Atlantic     

Jérôme Spitz  Yves CherelStéphane Bertin  Jeremy KiszkaAlexandre Dewez  Vincent Ridoux 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2011,58(3):273-282

Long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas), Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus), melon-headed whales (Peponocephala electra), Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris), Sowerby's beaked whales (Mesoplodon bidens), northern bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon ampullatus), sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus), dwarf sperm whales (Kogia sima) and pygmy sperm whales (Kogia breviceps) make up the large community of deep-diving odontocetes occurring off the Bay of Biscay, northeast Atlantic. The ecology of these toothed cetaceans is poorly documented worldwide. The present study described their prey preferences from stomach content analysis and showed resource partitioning within the assemblage. The majority of the species appeared to be mostly teutophageous. Fish was an important food source only for the Sowerby's beaked whale and, to a lesser extent, for the long-finned pilot whale. In terms of foraging habitats inferred from prey composition, either pelagic oceanic or demersal neritic habitats were exploited by toothed whales in the Bay of Biscay, with only the long-finned pilot whale foraging in the two habitats. Finally, with more than 14,000 identified cephalopods from 39 species, the present study highlighted also the poorly known deep-sea cephalopod community off the Bay of Biscay using top predators as biological samplers.  相似文献   

海洋功能区划符合性判别方法初探——以港口功能区为例   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王江涛  刘百桥 《海洋通报》2011,30(5):496-501

借鉴国外用海兼容性和土地使用兼容性,分析了海洋功能区划符合性内涵,基奉原则,并以港口功能区为例,分析了港口用海对海洋环境的影响,建立了港口功能特征指标,以及港口功能区与海域使用之 间对照表.通过搭建起海域使用和海洋功能区划之间的桥梁,更好地为海域使用审批管理提供技术支持.  相似文献   

The human dimensions of marine mammal management in a time of rapid change: comparing policies in Canada,Finland and the United States     

Amy Lauren Lovecraft  Chanda L. Meek 《Marine Policy》2011

Arctic coastal populations share a close relationship with their environment consisting of linkages among communities, landscapes and seascapes, and the social institutions developed to sustain the system. This cultural–biogeophysical dynamic is termed throughout the section as a social–ecological system (SES). Marine mammals constitute a large portion of the subsistence diet for these communities, and as such represent key ecological services provided by the system. At the same time, marine mammals have gained iconic status as symbols for climate change in the North. A tension results between the demands of balancing on one hand good policy optics consistent with national and international norms and, on the other hand, flexible and adaptive institutions able to take on the task of managing resources in a dynamic, changing North. This tension and associated policy solutions such as co-management are explored in a series of papers focusing on marine mammal management dilemmas and policy practices around the circumpolar North. This introduction communicates the problem context and describes the five papers making up this special section. A guiding premise to this work is that new international pressures to implement moratoria on marine mammal hunting in the North ignore critical human dimensions of marine mammal management. Such policy proposals are unlikely to succeed in areas that require collaboration across scales. Simultaneously, new local-scale participation in multi-level management regimes holds promise for creating more resilient marine mammal SESs.  相似文献   

Late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental changes in the coastal zone of northwestern Portugal     

G. Soares de Carvalho  H. M. Granja  E. Loureiro  R. Henriques 《第四纪科学杂志》2006,21(8):859-877

This paper examines the Quaternary changes in the coastal zone of northwestern Portugal through the relationship between sediments and landforms. By interpolating the available data from geomorphology, lithostratigraphy, sedimentology and geochronology, it was possible to reconstruct existing palaeoenvironments, the oldest of which date back to the last interglacial. The main landforms are a high and a low platform bounded by scarps. River sands and silty sediments formed in a lacustrine environment (Antas Formation, MIS 5) are associated with the high platform. Two deposits are associated with the low platform: the Cepães Formation (MIS 3) consisting of a lower set of river sand beds and an upper gravel beach bed, and the Aguçadoura Formation (MIS 1) consisting of Holocene lagoonal beds. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A late Quaternary lake record from the Qilian Mountains (NW China): evolution of the primary production and the water depth reconstructed from macrofossil, pollen, biomarker, and isotope data   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Ulrike Herzschuh  Chengjun Zhang  Steffen Mischke  Rainer Herzschuh  Farhid Mohammadi  Birgit Mingram  Harald Kürschner  Frank Riedel 《Global and Planetary Change》2005,46(1-4):361

The history (45–0 ka BP) of the aquatic vegetation composition of the shallow alpine Lake Luanhaizi from the NE Tibetan Plateau is inferred from aquatic plant macrofossil frequencies and aquatic pollen and algae concentrations in the sediments. C/N (range: 0.3–100), δ¹³C (range: −28 to −15‰), and n-alkane measurements yielded further information on the quantitative composition of sedimentary organic matter. The inferred primary production of the former lake ecosystem has been examined in respect of the alternative stable state theory of shallow lakes [Scheffer, M., 1989. Alternative stable states in eutrophic, shallow freshwater systems: a minimal model. Hydrobiological Bulletin 23, 73–83]. Switches between clear and turbid water conditions are explained by a colder climate and forest decline in the catchment area of Lake Luanhaizi. The macrofossil-based reconstruction of past water depth and salinity ranges, as well as other organic matter (OM) proxies allowed climatic inferences of the summer monsoon intensity during the late Quaternary. Around 45 ka BP, conditions similar to or even moister than present-day climate occurred. The Lake Luanhaizi record is further evidence against an extensive glaciation of the Tibetan Plateau and its bordering mountain ranges during the Last Glacial Maximum. Highest lake levels and consequently a strong summer monsoon are recorded for the early Holocene period, while gradually decreasing lake levels are reconstructed for the middle and late Holocene.  相似文献   

海水网箱养殖鱼类越冬期的死亡原因及对策     

张永嘉  郑琼  李殊生 《广东海洋大学学报》1993,(2)

在冬春季低水温期,海水网箱养殖的鱼类大批死亡造成了严重的经济损失。本文对死亡的原因进行了初步研究,结果表明:在一定的低水温环境下,这些鱼类虽然因冻伤而造成局部坏死,但维持生命的主要器官的机能仍处于基本正常状态;而患鱼继发感染细菌致病才是其死亡的主要原因。采取适当的越冬防寒措施可提高养殖海鱼在越冬期的成活率。  相似文献   

再论中国古代南部海洋文化的农业性特征     

叶澜涛 《广东海洋大学学报》2007,27(2):1-4

从经济运作的方式、历代海洋政策的变迁、古代海洋文学三个方面来分析中国古代南部海洋文化的农业性特征,认为这种特征有别于商业文化的表现形态,它受到中国内陆文化的影响,具有传统性、辅助性和保守性。因此,在考察中国古代海洋文化时,应将中国古代海洋文化作为中国古代农业文化的有机组成部分。  相似文献