Chain of custody as an organizing framework in seafood risk reduction     

Yasuda T  Bowen RE 《Marine pollution bulletin》2006,53(10-12):640-649

Changes in the terms and direction of international trade in seafood, an increased understanding of and concern for the public health risk imposed by seafood products, and advances in information management technology combine to open opportunities to manage more effectively seafood-borne risk. Present regulatory mandates and programs lack sufficient integration for effective risk mitigation and do not adequately reflect the trans-national nature of seafood trade or the increased complexity of seafood production. This paper argues that the concept of a "chain of custody" - from the ocean to the final consumer - provides a useful integrating framework for understanding and refining efforts to reduce public health concerns surrounding the consumption of seafood.  相似文献   

Effect of Coulomb collisions on the particle acceleration in collapsing magnetic traps     

S. A. Bogachev  B. V. Somov 《Astronomy Letters》2009,35(1):57-69

The problem of particle acceleration in collapsing magnetic traps in the solar corona has been solved by taking into account the particle scattering and braking in the high-temperature plasma of solar flares. The Coulomb collisions are shown to be weak in traps with lifetimes t _l < 10 s and strong for t _l > 100 s. In the approximation of strong collisions, collapsing magnetic traps are capable of confining up to 20% of the injected particles in the corona for a long time. In the collisionless approximation, this value exceeds 90%. The question about the observational manifestations of collisions is examined. For collision times comparable to t _l , the electron spectrumat energies above 10 keV is shown to be a double-power-law one. Such spectra were found by the RHESSI satellite in flares.  相似文献   

Analytical description of charged particle motion in a reconnecting current sheet     

A. V. Oreshina  B. V. Somov 《Astronomy Letters》2009,35(3):195-206

We have obtained an analytical solution to the equation of motion in the guiding center approximation for nonrelativistic charged particles in a reconnecting current sheet with a three-component magnetic field. Given the electric field attributable to magnetic reconnection, the solution describes stable and unstable three-dimensional particle orbits. We have found the domain of input parameters at which the motion is stable. A physical interpretation of the processes affecting the stability of the motion is given. Charge separation is shown to take place in the sheet during the motion: oppositely charged particles are localized mostly in different regions of the current sheet. A formula is derived for the particle energy in stable and unstable orbits. The results obtained by numerical and analytical methods are compared.  相似文献   

Effects of seed particle size and composition on heterogeneous nucleation of n-nonane     

Paul M. Winkler  Anca Hienola  Gerhard Steiner  Gerard Hill  Aron Vrtala  Georg P. Reischl  Markku Kulmala  Paul E. Wagner 《Atmospheric Research》2008,90(2-4):187-ICNAA07

Heterogeneous nucleation of supersaturated n-nonane vapour on seed particles of different size and composition has been investigated using a fast expansion chamber. Monodisperse seed particle sizes were ranging from about 4 nm up to about 24 nm in diameter. By using different types of particle generators WO_x, Ag and (NH₄)₂SO₄ particles were generated. For direct comparison between different particle compositions overlapping sizes have been generated for WO_x and Ag at about 7 nm particle diameter as well as for Ag and (NH₄)₂SO₄ at about 15 nm. Nucleation temperature was kept constant at about 278 K. Experimental data were compared to Kelvin equation and Fletcher theory including the effect of line tension. It was found that heterogeneous nucleation of n-nonane seems to be independent of seed particle composition and starts well below the Kelvin curve. Good agreement was achieved with Fletcher theory including the effect of line tension.  相似文献   

Temperature dependent secondary organic aerosol formation from terpenes and aromatics     

T. M. Svendby  M. Lazaridis  K. Tørseth 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2008,59(1):25-46

  相似文献   

Highlights of fifty years of atmospheric aerosol research at Mace Head   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

T.C. O'Connor  S.G. Jennings  C.D. O'Dowd   《Atmospheric Research》2008,90(2-4):338-ICNAA07

This paper summarises the development and principal results of fifty years of research on aerosols in the marine atmosphere at Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station on the west coast of Ireland. It concentrates on the sources, physico-chemical properties, number and mass concentrations, size range, volatility and chemical composition of aerosols in different air masses. It also examines optical properties of the aerosols and their long-range transport.  相似文献   

风云二号卫星空间天气监测预警系统开发及其应用   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

单海滨  关敏  刘玉洁  余涛  戎志国 《应用气象学报》2008,19(2):250-256

风云二号卫星载有太阳X射线监测仪及空间粒子探测器, 空间粒子探测器实时监测轨道空间的质子、电子及α粒子的能谱及通量变化, 太阳X射线监测仪实时监测太阳软硬X射线暴。这些监测数据直接反映了太阳的活动水平, 可对X射线暴、质子事件及电子事件进行实时监测。同时, 利用风云二号X射线探测器的数据, 可对一些空间环境灾害进行预警。该文介绍了中国气象局“空间天气监测预警系统一期工程”中有关风云二号静止气象卫星 (B星) 空间环境监测资料软件处理系统的设计思路, 以及高能粒子探测器和太阳X射线监测仪的数据处理方法, 并通过一些实例, 介绍了该系统在利用风云二号卫星空间环境监测数据进行空间天气监测预警业务的情况。  相似文献   

空气污染与气候变化   总被引：24，自引：1，他引：23  

丁一汇  李巧萍  柳艳菊  张莉  宋亚芳  张锦 《气象》2009,35(3):3-14

近50年来,全球气候变化主要由大气温室气体浓度的日益增加引起,而空气污染主要由悬浮于空气中的大气气溶胶粒子造成,它们都主要由矿物燃料的燃烧排放形成.近年的研究表明,大气气溶胶粒子也具有气候效应:一是通过散射和吸收太阳光,减少到达地面的太阳辐射而具有降冷作用,可抵消一部分由温室气体造成的变暖作用;二是可以作为云中凝结核改变云微物理过程和降水性质,改变大气的水循环.大气气溶胶对于经济社会的许多方面,如农业、水资源、人体健康、城市化等也表现出重要的影响.由于空气污染和气候变化在很大程度上有共同的原因,即主要都是由矿物燃料燃烧的排放造成,因而减轻和控制空气污染与减少温室气体排放保护气候在行动上应是一致的.为了从经济上得到最大的节约和获得双赢的效果,应该采取协同应对空气污染和气候变化的减排战略,即应该采取统一的而不是分离的科学研究和应对战略.  相似文献   

应用Models-3/CMAQ模式对华北地区一次强沙尘天气的研究初探   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

王益柏  费建芳  黄小刚 《气象》2009,35(6):46-53

根据2002年在ACE-Asia和TRACE-P试验中获得的亚洲区域污染源排放资料,结合由MICAPS能见度观测资料估算而得的颗粒物排放资料,利用美国EPA最新发展的Models-3/CMAQ模式系统,模拟研究了2002年3月华北地区发生的一次强沙尘暴个例.结果表明,(1)模拟的各气态污染物的时空演变及相互关系与已有的观测结果基本一致.(2)颗粒污染物的模拟结果也反映了已有的观测事实,粗细颗粒物呈一致的先降后升日变化趋势;沙尘过程前期,颗粒物污染主要来源于近地面污染源;沙尘期间,颗粒物污染主要源自外界沙尘的高空输送,且粗颗粒物污染是此次过程的首要颗粒污染.(3)该模式系统可用于沙尘气溶胶研究的进一步开发与利用.  相似文献   

阿克达拉可吸入颗粒物本底浓度变化特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王力福  李娟  刘涛 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2009,3(1):20-24

通过阿克达拉区域大气本底站2007年全年监测发现,以北疆经济区为背景区域的大气中PMIO的年平均本底浓度为10.08Ug/m3.可吸入颗粒物的本底浓度采暖期是非采暖期的两倍左右.可吸入颗粒物本底浓度季节变化特征明显,月平均本底浓度最高为12月,次高为3月.PMIO本底浓度的日变化不规则但基本呈上升趋势,PM1.0和PM2.5的本底浓度日变化呈双峰双谷特征,本底浓度1d内的最高值和次高值出现的时间段与城市相关研究结果相反.  相似文献