Holocene palaeohydrology,groundwater and climate change in the lake basins of the Central Kenya Rift     

《水文科学杂志》2013,58(4):765-780

Abstract

The Central Kenya Rift contains small soda lakes such as Nakuru, Elmenteita and Bogoria, freshwater Lake Naivasha, and the partly (spatially) freshwater Lake Baringo. The hydrology of this area is controlled mainly by climate, tectonically controlled morphological and volcanic barriers, faults, and local water-table variations. Much of the area relies on groundwater for human and industrial use, though there are widespread quality issues particularly in relation to fluoride. Despite the huge demand for the resource, little is known about the highly complex groundwater systems; lacking monitoring data, an assessment is developed on the basis of regional geological, hydrogeological and hydrochemical analyses. Significant hydrological changes have taken place in the region over the last 10 000 years as a result of global, regional and local changes, but the impacts on groundwater resources are still largely unknown. The IPCC projects a 10–15% increase of rainfall in the area, but it may not necessarily result in a proportional increase in groundwater recharge. High groundwater recharge periods appear to be anchored on a decadal cycle.  相似文献   

Statistical analysis of flash flood events for designing water harvesting systems in an extremely arid environment     

Koichi Unami  Osama Mohawesh  Rasha M. Fadhil 《水文研究》2021,35(9):e14370

A water harvesting system for research purposes has been established in the Lisan Peninsula of the Dead Sea in the middle of the Jordan Rift Valley, where no authorized guideline is available for designing water harvesting systems. Rainfall and runoff, which occurred as flash floods, were observed at the downstream end of a gorge with a 1.12 km² barren catchment area from October 2014 through July 2019. Due to the extremely arid environment, runoff from the catchment is ephemeral, and the flash flood events can be clearly distinguishable from each other. Thirteen flash flood events with a total runoff volume of more than 100 m³ were successfully recorded during the five rainy seasons. Pearson and Spearman correlations between duration, total rainfall depths at two points, total runoff volume, maximum runoff discharge, bulk runoff coefficient, total variation in runoff discharge and maximum variation in runoff discharge of each flash flood event were examined, revealing no straightforward relationship between rainfall and runoff. The performance of the conventional SCS runoff curve number method was also deficient in reproducing any rainfall–runoff relationship. Therefore, probability distribution fitting was performed for each random variable, focusing on the lognormal distribution with three parameters and the generalized extreme value distribution. The maximum goodness-of-fit estimation turns out to be a more rational and efficient method in obtaining the parameter values of those probability distributions rather than the standard maximum likelihood estimation, which has known disadvantages. Results support the design of the water harvesting system and provide quantitative information for designing and operating similar systems in the future.  相似文献   

山西断陷带地壳结构的接收函数研究   总被引：13，自引：5，他引：8       下载免费PDF全文

唐有彩  冯永革  陈永顺  周仕勇  宁杰远  魏松峤  李鹏  俞春泉  范文渊  王海洋 《地球物理学报》2010,53(9):2102-2109

利用2006年8月到2008年3月北京大学在山西断陷带南部架设的两条东西向流动观测地震台阵记录的远震资料,提取各台站接收函数,然后进行倾斜叠加(Slant stack)和台阵偏移成像,获得了沿台阵横穿山西断陷带的地壳和上地幔的精细结构变化.研究结果显示,山西断陷带下面莫霍面存在明显不连续,莫霍面上隆约4~6 km,纵横波速比从两侧的1.75上升为山西断陷带内部2.0左右,且中、下地壳可能存在一个低速层.山西断陷带的构造模式沿相距140 km的两条剖面表现出明显差异:南端的临汾盆地为拉张作用下的纯剪切模式,向北转化为太原盆地的简单剪切模式.  相似文献   

上扬子地区震旦纪沉积古地理          下载免费PDF全文

刘静江  李伟  张宝民  周慧  袁晓红  单秀琴  张静  邓胜徽  谷志东  樊茹  王拥军  李鑫 《古地理学报》2015,17(6):735-754

通过整理大量的钻井、测井、地震和其他综合研究资料,系统编制了上扬子地区震旦系各层段的岩相古地理图,进行了较为系统的沉积储集层研究。该研究显示震旦纪上扬子台地是一个半孤立的台地。震旦系沉积可以划分为前台地沉积、碳酸盐岩台地沉积和局限海盆沉积。紧邻上扬子台地西部边缘发育的川滇大裂谷对上扬子台地的演化、沉积古地理格局的形成及沉积相带的展布有着重要影响。灯影期,上扬子台地曾经有过一次由裂谷活动导致的快速沉降,经历了一次短暂的由台地到海盆的变化。岩相古地理的演变控制着四川盆地震旦系沉积储集层的形成与分布,也控制着该区常规油气及页岩气的形成与分布。  相似文献   

Hydrogeochemical study in the Main Ethiopian Rift: new insights to the source and enrichment mechanism of fluoride   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Tewodros Rango  Gianluca Bianchini  Luigi Beccaluva  Tenalem Ayenew  Nicolò Colombani 《Environmental Geology》2009,58(1):109-118

The central Main Ethiopian Rift suffers a severe water quality problem, characterized by an anomalously high fluoride (F) content that causes an endemic fluorosis disease. The current study, conducted in the Ziway–Shala lakes basin, indicates that the F content exceeds the permissible limit for drinking prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO; 1.5 mg/l) in many important wells (up to 20 mg/l), with even more extreme F concentration in hot springs and alkaline lakes (up to 97 and 384 mg/l respectively). The groundwater and surface water from the highlands, typically characterized by low total dissolved solids (TDS) and Ca (Mg)–HCO₃ hydrochemical facies, do not show high F content. The subsequent interaction of these waters with the various rocks of the rift valley induces a general increase of the TDS, and a variation of the chemical signature towards Na–HCO₃ compositions, with a parallel enrichment of F. The interacting matrixes are mainly rhyolites consisting of volcanic glass and only rare F-bearing accessory minerals (such as alkali amphibole). Comparing the abundance and the composition of the glassy groundmass with other mineral phases, it appears that the former stores most of the total F budget. This glassy material is extremely reactive, and its weathering products (i.e. fluvio/volcano-lacustrine sediments) further concentrate the fluoride. The interaction of these “weathered/reworked” volcanic products with water and carbon dioxide at high pH causes the release of fluoride into the interacting water. This mainly occurs by a process of base-exchange softening with the neo-formed clay minerals (i.e. Ca–Mg uptake by the aquifer matrix, with release of Na into the groundwater). This is plausibly the main enrichment mechanism that explains the high F content of the local groundwater, as evidenced by positive correlation between F, pH, and Na, and inverse correlation between F and Ca (Mg). Saturation indices (SI) have been calculated (using PHREEQC-2) for the different water groups, highlighting that the studied waters are undersaturated in fluorite. In these conditions, fluoride cannot precipitate as CaF₂, and so mobilizes freely without forming other complexes. These results have important implications for the development of new exploitation strategies and accurate planning of new drilling sites. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   

东非裂谷Kerio盆地石油地质特征与勘探潜力     

胡滨  贾屾  邱春光  陈经覃  饶溯 《中国地质调查》2019,6(1):26-33

东非裂谷东支的South Lokichar盆地于2012年获得勘探突破,成为研究和勘探的热点地区。但近年来周边盆地勘探效果不佳,有待深入分析。Kerio盆地紧邻South Lokichar盆地,勘探程度低,国内在此地的研究处于空白区。基于最新地震地质综合研究成果,阐述其石油地质特征和勘探潜力。结果表明: Kerio盆地为主动裂谷,呈西陡东缓的半地堑结构; 发育渐新世以来的5套沉积地层,最大沉积厚度可达6 500 m; 存在一套被证实的烃源岩,生烃指标好,但厚度仅20 m; 发育河流和三角洲相砂岩,孔渗物性好。盆地可划分为4个凹陷和5个构造圈闭带。中部缓坡带和东部反转构造带为盆地的有利勘探区带,可能存在2种成藏模式。盆地具有一定勘探潜力,烃源岩是最主要的地质风险。  相似文献   

闽西北与裂谷有关的金银多金属矿床成矿特征     

姜耀辉  陈鹤年 《华东地质学院学报》1996,19(2):124-132

本文在筒述崇安－长汀古地堑盆地基本特征的基础上，重点论述了与该地暂盆地相关的金银多金属矿床成矿作用特征，建立了裂谷改造－再造型和裂谷沉积变质－热液叠架改造型两种矿床成因类型，阐明了成矿的机制，建立了成矿模式。  相似文献   

An upper mantleP-wave velocity model for eastern and southern Africa     

A. G. Green 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,116(6):1262-1273

AP-wave velocity model for the upper mantle beneath eastern and southern Africa is proposed. The top 250 km of the model is characterized by relatively low velocities similar to those deduced for the upper mantle beneath the western United States of America. At greater depths, the velocities gradually change to normal mantle values.  相似文献   

Palaeoclimatic implications of isotopic data from modern and early Holocene shells of the freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata, from lakes in the Ethiopian Rift Valley     

Melanie J. Leng  Angela L. Lamb  Henry F. Lamb  Richard J. Telford 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1999,21(1):97-106

Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in the shells of the freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata yield information on the isotopic composition of the water in which the shell was formed, which in turn relates to climatic conditions prevailing during the snails' life span. Melanoides is particularly important because it is widespread in Quaternary deposits throughout Africa and Asia and is ubiquitous in both fresh and highly evaporated lakes. Whole-shell and incremental growth data were collected from modern and fossil shells from two lakes in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. 18O values in the modern shells from Lake Awassa are in equilibrium with modern waters, while 18O values in subfossil shells from the margins of Lake Tilo indicate high rainfall during the early Holocene. Sequential analysis along the growth spiral of the shell provides information on seasonal or shorter-term variability of lake water during the lifetime of the organism.  相似文献   

辽东裂谷菱镁矿的成矿环境、分布规律及矿床成因          下载免费PDF全文

白永俊 《地质找矿论丛》2020,35(2):161-167

辽东裂谷为古元古代拉伸环境下产生的EW向陆内裂谷,裂谷的北缘斜坡带赋存有大石桥—塔子岭超大型菱镁矿带,中央裂陷带赋存了瓦峪—青城子大型菱镁矿带。菱镁矿床的产出与成矿物质来源的位置有较大的关系,同时与沉积的环境因素、后期的各种扰动因素有关。在古元古代富含CO_2的环境中,源于太古宙地块剥蚀物中和远源火山喷发物中的镁质进入海水,在持续稳定的陆缘潮间-潟湖蒸发环境中,在藻类生物吸附吸附作用的有力辅助下,沉积了巨厚的富镁碳酸盐岩,经过成岩作用形成原生菱镁矿层。在区域变质-变形过程中,原生菱镁矿层经过褶皱变形和矿物重结晶,完成形态方面的最终定型;因此,辽东裂谷菱镁矿属于沉积-变质型矿床。  相似文献