2010年冰岛埃亚菲亚德拉火山喷发启示录——加强我国活动火山监测与研究刻不容缓     

许建东  魏海泉  李霓 《国际地震动态》2010,(7):19-22

2010年3月开始的冰岛埃亚菲亚德拉火山喷发,火山灰肆虐欧洲,迫使很多机场关闭,航班取消,对世界的空中交通造成了极大的影响。本文分析了冰岛埃亚火山的喷发机制和灾害效应,回顾了近些年来我国在活动火山监测与研究领域取得的进展和存在的不足,强调了迅速加大我国火山监测与研究工作力度的重要性。  相似文献   

Type of volcanoes hosting the massive sulfide deposits of the Iberian Pyrite Belt     

Carlos J.P. Rosa  Jocelyn McPhie  Jorge M.R.S. Relvas 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2010

The Volcanic Sedimentary Complex (VSC) of the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) in southern Portugal and Spain, comprises an Upper Devonian to Lower Carboniferous submarine succession with a variety of felsic volcanic lithofacies. The architecture of the felsic volcanic centres includes felsic lavas/domes, pyroclastic units, intrusions and minor mafic units that define lava–cryptodome–pumice cone volcanoes. The diversity of volcanic lithofacies recognized in different areas of the IPB mainly reflects variations in proximity to source, but also differences in the eruption style. The IPB volcanoes are intrabasinal, range in length from 2 km to > 8 km and their thickest sections vary from ∼ 400 m to > 800 m. These volcanoes are dominated by felsic lavas/domes that occur at several stratigraphic positions within the volcanic centre, however the pyroclastic units are also abundant and are spatially related to the lavas/domes. The intrusions are minor, and define cryptodomes and partly-extrusive cryptodomes. The hydrothermal systems that formed the Neves Corvo and Lousal massive sulfide ore deposits are associated with effusive units of felsic volcanic centres. At Neves Corvo, the massive sulfide orebodies are associated to rhyolitic lavas that overlie relatively thick fiamme-rich pyroclastic unit. In several other locations within the belt, pyroclastic units contain sulfide clasts that may have been derived from yet to be discovered coeval massive sulfide deposits at or below the sea floor, which enhances the exploration potential of these pyroclastic units and demonstrates the need for volcanic facies analysis in exploration.  相似文献   

麻坑、泥火山在南海北部与西部陆缘的分布特征和地质意义   总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

陈江欣  关永贤  宋海斌  杨胜雄  耿明会  拜阳  刘伯然 《地球物理学报》2015,58(3):919-938

本文利用新的高分辨率海底多波束地形数据与以往研究资料对南海台西南盆地及以西和中建南盆地北部及以北陆缘区域内的麻坑与泥火山分布区进行了统计、分析与总结.本文提出根据麻坑的个体平面形态、规模量级和组合形式建立麻坑的三类分类体系并进行总结阐述.麻坑的直径与坑深总体具有线性变化关系但又有区域性分布特征,可能反映了不同海区底质性质、浅地层构造活动、海底倾斜程度和海底底流等因素的不同影响;同一区域泥火山的直径与高度具有线性关系而不同区域拟合斜率差异较大,可能说明同区域泥火山形态、流体成分和来源具有高度一致性,但其分布具有区域差异性特征.研究表明,麻坑、泥火山的产生与近5Ma新构造运动期内台湾南部和南海西缘区域性走滑断裂活动相一致,主要分布在构造活动较为活跃,沉积较为薄弱的近坡折带和大陆坡区域,在具有走滑性质的台西南、莺歌海和中建南盆地分布较广、规模较大,而在其他主要张裂性质盆地中分布较少,规模较小.其分布特征一方面能够说明某些区域流体的大量渗漏与逸散,另一方面也能够说明某些区域持续的构造活动有利于该区域深部流体的重新聚集与成藏,从而成为指导油气资源勘探的重要参考指标.  相似文献   

南海北部边缘盆地泥底辟及泥火山特征及其与油气运聚关系   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

何家雄  祝有海  翁荣南  崔莎莎 《地球科学》2010,35(1):75-86

泥底辟与泥火山成因机制相同,发育演化特征相似,但最终地质形态及存在形式有所差异.通过深入分析南海西北部莺歌海盆地泥底辟与东北部台西南盆地泥火山发育展布特点及伴生天然气地球化学特征,指出莺歌海盆地泥底辟主要分布于盆地中部的莺歌海深大凹陷,且沿盆地NW方向呈五行雁行式排列,泥底辟发育演化具有明显的低密、低速和异常高温超压的特点;而台西南盆地泥火山主要展布于南部凹陷陆坡深水区和台湾陆上台南-高雄地区,陆上泥火山多沿深大断裂带分布,地面形态特征类似火山形态,多具有喷口,海域泥火山的海底形态亦与其相似,但研究程度较低.泥底辟及泥火山伴生烃类天然气成因类型较多,但以成熟-高熟煤型烃类气为主;伴生的非烃气CO₂和N₂丰富,但以无机壳源型CO₂为主.泥底辟及泥火山的泥源层均为中新世及上新世海相坳陷沉积的巨厚泥页岩,本身即具生烃潜力,其成熟生烃及其与泥底辟/泥火山运聚通道和底辟伴生构造的良好配置,则构成了其独特的泥底辟/泥火山油气运聚成藏系统,进而控制了这种“泥底辟/泥火山型油气藏”的分布.   相似文献   

云南腾冲火山旅游景观探讨     

李志群  任治  张泰身 《地质论评》1999,45(7):940-945

腾冲火山活动始于上新世,形成橄榄玄武岩、安山玄武岩、安山 岩及英安岩4大类,分为两个喷发旋回,4个喷发期。主要景观由全新世的第四期火山机构组成,景观分为火山锥、熔岩被、火山地热、火山与热水观赏石等。岩石属高钾钙碱性火山岩系,是挤压造山带的产物。腾冲火山群深部存在熔融岩浆囊,是休眠火山,但岩浆囊内绝大部分岩浆已喷发。结合人文景观,腾冲火山群是不可多得的科学考察和旅游景区。  相似文献   

龙岗火山喷发特征与火山岩化学初步研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

隋建立  樊祺诚  曹杰 《地质论评》1999,45(7):319-324

龙岗火山是中国少数几个近代仍有喷发的活动火山区之一,在1700多平方千米火山区内形成100多个玄武质岩浆爆炸成因的火山锥和低平火口湖(龙湾),并有约1600 a BP喷发的金龙顶子活火山。龙岗火山岩是单一的粗面玄武岩,具有一致的化学成分,表明岩浆上升过程中很少演化,推测龙岗火山岩来自同源地幔岩浆。  相似文献   

Network-constrained bivariate clustering method for detecting urban black holes and volcanoes     

Qiliang Liu  Zhihui Wu  Wenkai Liu  Yaolin Liu 《International journal of geographical information science》2020,34(10):1903-1929

ABSTRACT

Urban black holes and volcanoes are typical traffic anomalies that are useful for optimizing urban planning and maintaining public safety. It is still challenging to detect arbitrarily shaped urban black holes and volcanoes considering the network constraints with less prior knowledge. This study models urban black holes and volcanoes as bivariate spatial clusters and develops a network-constrained bivariate clustering method for detecting statistically significant urban black holes and volcanoes with irregular shapes. First, an edge-expansion strategy is proposed to construct the network-constrained neighborhoods without the time-consuming calculation of the network distance between each pair of objects. Then, a network-constrained spatial scan statistic is constructed to detect urban black holes and volcanoes, and a multidirectional optimization method is developed to identify arbitrarily shaped urban black holes and volcanoes. Finally, the statistical significance of multiscale urban black holes and volcanoes is evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation. The proposed method is compared with three state-of-the-art methods using both simulated data and Beijing taxicab spatial trajectory data. The comparison shows that the proposed method can detect urban black holes and volcanoes more accurately and completely and is useful for detecting spatiotemporal variations of traffic anomalies.  相似文献   

Squat prediction in muddy navigation areas   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

G. Delefortrie  M. Vantorre  J. Verwilligen 《Ocean Engineering》2010,37(16):1464-1476

Common squat prediction formulae to assess the navigation safety usually do not take into account the bottom condition. Nevertheless, the presence of a fluid mud layer is not an uncommon condition in confined areas where accurate squat predictions are necessary. From 2001 to 2004 an extensive experimental research program was carried out to measure the manoeuvring behaviour of deep drafted vessels in muddy areas. A part of the program focused on the undulations of the water-mud interface and their relationship to the ship’s squat. Mostly the sinkage of the ship is damped due to the presence of the mud layer, but a larger trim can occur due to the water-mud interface undulations. This article presents a mathematical model to predict the squat in muddy navigation areas.  相似文献   

扬州港客运大楼地基加固与边坡围护     

颜万才 《江苏地质》1998,22(4):231-237

位于长江下游北岸某凹岸区的扬州港,因受局部塌岸的危害,多处建构物被毁,新落成的客运大楼产生不均匀沉降与裂缝,直接危及大楼的安全与使用,迫使该港长航客运中断。后在大楼西南侧岸边构筑了一道防护帷幕墙,并对大楼地基土进行了压密注浆加固,保住了大楼,控制了沉降,并使大楼处于稳定状态,恢复了长航客运。简述了该建筑物病害的成因,治理加固方案的设计与施工,效果验证等问题。  相似文献   

基于RS的淤泥质海岸滩涂淤长速度分析--以江苏赣榆县宋庄岸段为例   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张祥国  张忍顺  王艳红  陈洪全  顾勇 《国土资源遥感》2005,(4):69-73

在1978～2004年8个时相卫片的基础上,利用遥感影像系列叠合分析法,通过历年修建的外围堤线位置的变动、互花米草及盐沼的扩散和临洪河口向海延进的演变等3种途径,研究宋庄岸段的滩涂淤长动态.研究结果表明,该方法可以避开不同时相卫片的潮位校正难点,揭示出滩涂淤长的动态变化和速度.  相似文献