The significance of magmatic erosion for bifurcation of UG1 chromitite layers in the Bushveld Complex     

《Ore Geology Reviews》2017

One of the most puzzling features of the UG1 chromitite layers in the famous exposures at Dwars River, Eastern Bushveld Complex, is the bifurcation, i.e. convergence and divergence of layers along strike that isolate lenses of anorthosite. The bifurcations have been variously interpreted as resulting from: (1) the intermittent accumulation of plagioclase on the chamber floor as lenses, terminated by crystallization of continuous chromitite layers (the depositional model); (2) late-stage injections of chromite mush or chromite-saturated melt along anastomosing fractures that dismembered semi-consolidated plagioclase cumulates (the intrusive model); (3) post-depositional deformation of alternating plagioclase and chromite cumulates, resulting in local amalgamation of chromitite layers and anorthosite lenses that wedge out laterally (the deformational model). None of these hypotheses account satisfactorily for the following field observations: (a) wavy and scalloped contacts between anorthosite and chromitite layers; (b) abrupt lateral terminations of thin anorthosite layers within chromitite; (c) in situ anorthosite inclusions with highly irregular contacts and delicate wispy tails within chromitite; many of these inclusions are contiguous with footwall and hanging wall cumulates; (d) transported anorthosite fragments enclosed by chromitite; (e) disrupted anorthosite and chromitite layers overlain by planar chromitite; (f) protrusions of chromitite into underlying anorthosite; (g) merging of chromitite layers around anorthosite domes. We propose a novel hypothesis that envisages basal flows of new dense and superheated magma that resulted in intense thermo-chemical erosion of the temporary floor of the chamber. The melting and dissolution of anorthosite was patchy and commonly inhibited by chromitite layers, resulting in lens-like remnants of anorthosite resting on continuous layers of chromitite. On cooling, the magma crystallized chromite on the irregular chamber floor, draping the remnants of anorthosite and merging with pre-existing chromitite layers excavated by erosion. With further cooling, the magma crystallized chromite-bearing anorthosite. Emplacement of multiple pulses of magma led to repetition of this sequence of events, resulting in a complex package of anorthosite lenses and bifurcating chromitite layers. This hypothesis is the most satisfactory explanation for most of the features of this enigmatic igneous layering in the Bushveld Complex.  相似文献   

Does membership matter? Individual influences in natural resource management decision making     

《Marine Policy》2017

Increasingly, natural resource management decision making is being undertaken by management committees that consist of a range of stakeholder groups. Representatives on these committees potentially have widely differing objective preferences. Consequently, there exists the potential for management decisions to be affected not only by the type of representation, but by the individuals themselves. In this paper, the robustness of management decision making to both the stakeholder representation and the individual representatives is tested using the case of fisheries management, for which a number of studies have been undertaken in Australia to assess objective preferences within a multi-objective framework. The results suggest that, in most cases, management decisions are robust to membership, but in a small number of instances the actual composition of individuals in a committee may result in different decisions.  相似文献   

西北太平洋台风群发事件年代际变化特征分析          下载免费PDF全文

张可  方娟 《气象科学》2021,41(5):584-596

利用台风最佳路径资料和全球再分析数据集分析了1979—2018年6—10月西北太平洋地区台风群发事件的统计特征。期间所有台风个例根据群发性质被分为三类：第一类为单独生成的非群发台风；第二类为群发事件中生成，但事件中仅有2个台风成员的"MTC2"台风；第三类为群发事件中生成，且事件中有3个或3个以上台风成员的"MTC3"台风。结果表明，相对于MTC2台风，MTC3台风生成时位置偏北，环境场季风槽辐合更强、高温海区范围更大、中低层大气更湿润。而MTC3台风在1990s末的突变减少导致了西太台风群发事件和台风总数减少。1996年之后，尽管洋面上空仍有较多的热带涡旋扰动，但群发台风活跃的大部分地区垂直风切变增强、高空辐散和季风槽辐合减弱以及西太平洋热带季节内振荡事件（Madden-Julian Oscillation，MJO）的对流活跃位相维持日数减少，它们共同导致了MTC3事件的年代际变化。  相似文献   

多次取样的网格化暴雨预报“配料法”研究          下载免费PDF全文

曹彦超  焦美玲  秦拓 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2023,17(4):24-29

利用2008—2019年甘肃省陇东342个测站的逐日降水资料和ECMWF_ERA5再分析资料，总结了不同暴雨天气过程的环流特征，建立了精细至模式预报每个格点、综合考虑暴雨日每个预报时次的多次取样网格化暴雨预报“配料法”方案，并通过2020年5次暴雨过程进行验证。结果表明，陇东暴雨可分为副高扰动型、冷槽切变型和偏北气流对流型；由于不同类型暴雨的环流特征差异明显，降水范围及持续时间不同，具有代表意义的关键物理量及阈值也不相同；网格化配料法的过程预报准确率相比ECMWF_THIN提高了20%，站点预报准确率提高了7.8%，性能优于ECMWF_THIN模式的暴雨预报；配料法对小区域预报效果优秀，预报范围越大预报准确率越低。  相似文献   

Data augmentation for bias correction in mapping PM2.5 based on satellite retrievals and ground observations     

《地学前缘(英文版)》2024,15(1):101686

As most air quality monitoring sites are in urban areas worldwide, machine learning models may produce substantial estimation bias in rural areas when deriving spatiotemporal distributions of air pollutants. The bias stems from the issue of dataset shift, as the density distributions of predictor variables differ greatly between urban and rural areas. We propose a data-augmentation approach based on the multiple imputation by chained equations (MICE-DA) to remedy the dataset shift problem. Compared with the benchmark models, MICE-DA exhibits superior predictive performance in deriving the spatiotemporal distributions of hourly PM_2.5 in the megacity (Chengdu) at the foot of the Tibetan Plateau, especially for correcting the estimation bias, with the mean bias decreasing from –3.4 µg/m³ to –1.6 µg/m³. As a complement to the holdout validation, the semi-variance results show that MICE-DA decently preserves the spatial autocorrelation pattern of PM_2.5 over the study area. The essence of MICE-DA is strengthening the correlation between PM_2.5 and aerosol optical depth (AOD) during the data augmentation. Consequently, the importance of AOD is largely enhanced for predicting PM_2.5, and the summed relative importance value of the two satellite-retrieved AOD variables increases from 5.5% to 18.4%. This study resolved the puzzle that AOD exhibited relatively lower importance in local or regional studies. The results of this study can advance the utilization of satellite remote sensing in modeling air quality while drawing more attention to the common dataset shift problem in data-driven environmental research.  相似文献   

物化探异常对坡仔营地区钼矿分布特征的指示          下载免费PDF全文

高乐  周永章  王琨 《江苏地质》2012,36(1):70-73

坡仔营地区钼矿床是根据1∶5万水系沉积物测量在坡仔营地区圈出的W、Mo元素综合异常,展开1∶5万高磁测量,成果显示：在坡仔营地区Mo元素存在一个近椭圆形异常,面积约2.5 km2,浓集中心明显,具浓度分带,与其重叠的有W元素异常。在浓集中心的岩体中找到了斑岩型钼矿床。在外围岩体也发现较好的的矿体化。通过物探异常、化探异常以及地质特征推测存在隐伏矿体,具有进一步寻找矿床潜力。  相似文献