Lichens and the determination of river channel capacity     

Ken J. Gregory 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1976,1(3):273-285

The identification of channel capacity associated with a particular frequency of peak discharges is necessary for discharge estimation for planning purposes at ungauged sites. Although lichen limits have been suggested to be useful for this purpose, previous studies have not elaborated their hydrological significance. Lichen limits are clearly defined on the sides of rock channels in New England. Australia and they are analyzed in relation to discharge at 6 gauging stations with up to 52 years of continuous record. It is demonstrated that the lowest lichen limit is maintained by peak discharges which occur on average at least once or twice each year. Recurrence intervals based on Annual Series and on Annual Exceedance Series are calculated and for the annual series are fairly consistent for the lowest lichen limit and range from 1·14 to 1·37 years. Lichenometry can be applied to the analysis of river channels in relation to the frequency of peak discharges. By reference to growth curves based upon lichens on Armidale tombstones it is shown that lichenometry may be employed to indicate dates for channel modification due to the removal of blocks and to dam construction and also to date the rock surface between lichen limits. Detailed analysis of the record from gauging stations indicates that where several lichen limits occur in a channel cross section each limit is related to periods when peak discharges exceeded the limits on at least 5 occasions. The lichen-free surfaces were then recolonized by Parmelia spp. and the size of the lichen thalli indicates the time elapsing since these frequent high discharges.  相似文献   

Slope form and basal stream relationships: Some further comments     

K. S. Richards 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1977,2(1):87-92

The nature and strength of the correlation between stream gradient and valley side slope angle are seen to vary according to the order of the stream segment. In addition, it is suggested that the relationship will depend on the efficiency of slope processes, and that this may contribute to tye different from of relationship obtained in different regions.  相似文献   

基于USB协议的望远镜多波带控制系统设计     

肖江  胡柯良  邓元勇  骆丽 《天文研究与技术》2007,4(4):360-368

怀柔观测基地的多通道太阳望远镜是通过数十个电机调节晶体偏转角度实现多波带同时观测的自动控制。原有的计算机是通过一个串行接口控制若干个调波带的电机,响应时间长,速度慢且技术比较落后。本文利用当今流行的USB2.0芯片CYPRESS EZ-USB改造原有的串口通信控制系统,大大提高了响应的速度,同时,为解决一个USB应用程序控制多个电机转动的问题,提出了一种"编号"的方法。这样每个USB设备不论其插入顺序,PC主机都能通过识别其固定编号而加以区分,PC主机可以通过4个USB接口(16个电机)控制多通道太阳望远镜滤光嚣的调制角度,实现自动控制。这为大规模改造其他计算机接口提供了研制基础。  相似文献   

New Methods of Fitting the Membership Function of Oceanic Water Masses   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

LIFengqi XIEJun LIYao 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2004,3(1):1-9

1　Introduction　Watermassanalysisisanimportantsubjectinphys icaloceanographystudies (PickardandEmery ,1 990 ;YeandLi,1 992 ) .Helland Hansenplottedin 1 91 6theT Scurve ,whichisafterwardsknownasoneoftheT Sdiagrams ,andsuggestedthatawatermasscanbedefinedby…  相似文献   

Quantitative assessment of dissolved radiotracers in the English Channel: Sources, average impact of la Hague reprocessing plant and conservative behaviour (1983, 1986, 1988, 1994)     

P. Bailly du Bois  P. Guguniat 《Continental Shelf Research》1999,19(15-16)

Knowledge of long-term movements of water-masses in the English Channel has been substantially improved using hydrodynamic modelling coupled with radio-tracers studies; nevertheless, the precision of results so obtained is still largely dependent on measurement precision. New tools are now available to make more accurate determinations of radio-tracer distribution: (1) Repositioning of station locations at the same tide reference-time, giving a homogeneous spatial data set, coupled with the possibility of interpolating and quantifying the amounts of dissolved radioactivity flowing through the English Channel; (2) the first measurements of tritium (³H) in seawater on a large scale in the English Channel demonstrate that this fully conservative radionuclide is a clearly identifiable marker of industrial releases; (3) recent campaigns carried out during the FLUXMANCHE II CCE (1994) programme show the general distribution of dissolved radionuclides ¹³⁷Cs, ¹³⁴Cs, ⁶⁰Co, ¹²⁵Sb, ¹⁰⁶Ru and ³H in the English Channel and the Irish Sea; and (4) the re-utilisation of data from previous campaigns (1983, 1986, 1988) provides indications, at any given location in the English Channel, about the average dilution and distribution of releases derived from the La Hague reprocessing plant. Excesses and losses of radionuclides are now quantified with respect to known source terms; estimates of losses are provided for non-conservative radionuclides, while an excess of ¹³⁷Cs was observed in the English Channel during the period 1983–1994. This excess, which has the same order of magnitude as the quantities released from La Hague plant in the English Channel, could be explained by about 1% of the Sellafield reprocessing plant releases entering the Channel. These results confirm and give a more detailed picture of the previously known distribution of water masses in the English Channel. They lead to clear information about transit times and dilution at this scale, and provide directly comparable data for the validation of hydrodynamic models.  相似文献   

Beach tar accumulation, transport mechanisms, and sources of variability at Coal Oil Point, California     

Del Sontro TS  Leifer I  Luyendyk BP  Broitman BR 《Marine pollution bulletin》2007,54(9):1461-1471

A new field method for tar quantification was used at Coal Oil Point (COP), California to study the mechanisms transporting oil/tar from the nearby COP natural marine hydrocarbon seep field. This method segregates tar pieces into six size classes and assigns them an average mass based on laboratory or direct field measurements. Tar accumulation on the 19,927m(2) survey area was well resolved spatially by recording tar mass along twelve transects segmented into 4-m(2) blocks and then integrating over the survey area. A seasonal trend was apparent in total tar in which summer accumulations were an order of magnitude higher than winter accumulations. Based on multiple regression analyses between environmental data and tar accumulation, 34% of tar variability is explained by a combination of onshore advection via wind and low swell height inhibiting slick dispersion.  相似文献   

长江中下游庐江-枞阳火山岩矿集区深部结构与成矿作用   总被引：32，自引：16，他引：16  

董树文  项怀顺  高锐  吕庆田  李建设  战双庆  卢占武  马立成 《岩石学报》2010,26(9):2529-2542

为探测长江中下游成矿带庐江-枞阳白垩纪火山岩盆地和铁、硫矿集区深部构造和地壳结构,探讨成矿深部控制条件,作者完成了穿越火山岩盆地的深反射地震剖面(150km,记录30s)和罗河铁矿区浅层高分辨反射地震剖面(20km),以及平行剖面的大地电磁、高精度重磁剖面,揭示了矿集区全地壳精细结构和电磁结构,同时开展区域构造测量和火山岩年代学研究,获得了新的认识。证实"耳状"的庐-枞火山岩盆地是一个沿北东向罗河断裂向东侧发育的非对称火山盆地,排除了另一半被断在西侧红层之下的判断;罗河断裂是一条切穿MOHO的深断裂,倾向南东,是引导地幔流体和岩浆上涌和喷发的通道,在中地壳形成岩浆房(反射亮斑);鉴别出多层界面,火山岩-侏罗系厚度约4～5km(其中火山岩厚度约3km),三叠系-震旦系变形层底界深度大致18～20km,变质基底组成中下地壳,MOHO平缓向北西倾,深度33～31km;追踪郯-庐断裂带的深部产状,陡立延伸到MOHO,宽约10km。从而揭示了早白垩系(132～127Ma)庐-枞火山岩矿集区深部过程与成矿、控矿作用。  相似文献   

基于 LandSat影像的近30年湛江东北海岸线变迁分析          下载免费PDF全文

程阳艳  付东洋  祁雅莉  李志强  刘贝  余果  何露雪 《海洋科学进展》2022,40(2):261-273

利用1958—2020年实测地形数据与长江入海水沙数据,分析长江口南支最大的涨潮槽———新桥水道动力地貌变化及其 驱 动 机 制。结 果 表 明:新 桥 水 道 在 1958—2020 年 间 的 地 貌 演 变 可 以 分 为 3 个 阶 段:第 一 阶 段(1958—1997年)新桥水道受控于径流、潮流的耦合作用而经历“冲刷-淤积”的周期性变化,其中河槽主要展现上、下游迁移及河槽收缩交替等特征;第二阶段(1997—2003年)因1998和1999年大洪水造成新桥水道冲刷,新桥水道河槽向上游拓展延伸,河道拓宽明显;第三阶段(2003—2020年)则受人类活动干预和扁担沙北移及径流、潮流耦合作用,新桥水道向下游迁移束窄,并逐渐形成以河道上段为淤积中心的地貌演化格局。此外,随着东风西沙水库构建,拦蓄了部分应进入新桥水道的水体,致使河槽上段落潮动力减弱而加剧河槽淤积,导致新桥水道进一步淤浅。  相似文献   

Remote sensing-based analysis of the planform changes in the Upper Amazon River over the period 1986–2006     

《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2014

An analysis of the planform changes of the Colombian reach of the Amazon River was carried out over a period of 19.9 years. Remote sensing image processing techniques were applied to Landsat images acquired in 1986, 1994, 2001 and, 2006. These images were selected based on minimal daily water level variations, while providing the widest temporal span. Plan view river changes and geomorphologic characteristics were examined to identify which channel pattern classification best represents this large tropical river system. Discharge was also analyzed to determine whether changes in the river's plan view are a direct response to variations in discharge. The system had a depositional tendency between 1986 and 2006, with a period where erosion was more intense than deposition between 1994 and 2001. Percent change in the plan view area of the system (1.4% yr⁻¹) and the maximum migration rates (125 m yr⁻¹) suggest that this reach of the Amazon is less active than reaches upstream and the downstream reach between the confluences of the Jutaí and Japurá Rivers. Variations in discharge appear to be responsible for deposition and erosion dynamics observed after this remote sensing analysis in the Colombian reach of the Amazon River. Characteristics including multiple channels with vegetated islands developed from within-channel deposition, meandering planform, lateral activity of channel margins, and the absence of islands with saucer-like morphology suggest a multichannel, meandering pattern for this reach of the Amazon, that corresponds to a laterally active anabranching river.  相似文献   

“工程测量”实践教学体系的研究与构建     

王安怡  陈昌平  沈璐 《东北测绘》2014,(1):76-78,82

工程测量是港口航道与海岸工程专业技术人员必须掌握的基本技能之一。为解决应用型本科院校工程测量课程的实践教学体系与应用型人才培养目标要求不相适应的问题,从剖析实践教学过程中存在的现实问题出发,结合学校及专业实际情况,以大连海洋大学港口航道与海岸工程专业为例,提出了一套完整的、操作性强、专业特色鲜明的实践教学体系,并取得了一定的教学成果,对于普通高等学校应用型人才的培养具有重要的借鉴意义。  相似文献