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31.
Based on various statistical indices, the abilities of multi-generation reanalyses, namely the NCEP/NCAR
Reanalysis 1 (R1), the NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 2 (R2) and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), to
reproduce the spatiotemporal characteristics of precipitation over Zhejiang Province are comprehensively compared. The
mean absolute bias percentages for three reanalyses are 20% (R1), 10% (R2) and 37% (CFSR). R2 (R1) gives the best
(worst) general depiction of the spatial characteristics of the observed precipitation climatology, whereas a significant
wet bias is noticed in CFSR. All reanalyses reasonably reproduce the interannual variability with the correlation
coefficients of 0.72 (R1), 0.72 (R2) and 0.84 (CFSR). All reanalyses well represent the first two modes of the observed
precipitation through Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis, with CFSR giving the best capture of the principal
components. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) is the largest (smallest) in CFSR (R2). The large RMSE of CFSR in
summer (especially in June) contributes mostly to its systematic wet bias. After 2001, the wet-bias of CFSR substantially
weakens, probably attributed to increasing observations assimilated in the CFSR. On a monthly basis, the percentage of
neutral bias cases are similar for all reanalyses, while the ratio of positive (negative) bias cases for CFSR is distinctly
larger (smaller) than that of R1 and R2. The proportions of negative bias cases for R1 and R2 begin to increase after
2001 while keeping stable for CFSR. On a daily basis, all reanalyses give good performances of reproducing light rain;
however, the reflection of moderate rain and heavier rain by CFSR is better than R1 and R2. Overall, despite being a
third-generation reanalysis product, CFSR does not exhibit comprehensive superiorities over R1 and R2 in all aspects on
a regional scale. 相似文献
32.
文中采用WRF非静力数值预报模式及其三维变分同化系统(WRF3D-Var),对2006年1月13—14日发生在华北地区及山东半岛的一次大雾过程进行了包括GTS(Global Telecommunication System)资料、AMDAR(Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay)资料和9210资料的不同资料组合的三维变分同化试验,以及时间间隔分别为6、3和1h不同时间频率的循环同化试验,并以同化分析场为初始场进行了36h的模拟试验。对同化分析场和模拟结果进行了分析,分析结果表明,采用三维变分方法同化AMDAR等多种非常规观测资料后,分析场均有明显的改变,对雾区的模拟结果也有局部不同程度的修正。进一步分析起修正作用的原因得知同化资料后对低层的湿度和层结趋稳性有所改善。同化GTS资料对低层的增湿贡献明显,但对层结趋稳性贡献不大;而同化AMDAR资料主要使层结趋稳性明显,对增湿无贡献;9210资料对低层湿度和层结趋稳性均有贡献。不同时间间隔的循环同化试验表明,多时次的循环同化比单时次的同化分析增量要大,逐时循环同化与6和3h循环同化相比,可明显改善模拟效果。 相似文献
33.
针对海表高度计资料的同化,考查了背景误差协方差矩阵的不同求逆方案对同化效果的影响。所使用的求逆方案包括避免求逆的经验正交函数方案(EOF/EOF_var)、递归滤波方案(RF/RF_var)以及采用初等变换法直接求逆的方案(Inv)。基于上述方案开展了热带太平洋地区2002年1-7月的TOPEX/Poseidon高度计资料同化试验,并利用SODA再分析资料和TAO观测资料评估了各方案对温度场的同化效果,主要得到如下结果:与SODA相比较,Inv方案对模式温度场改进甚微,其余四种方案在100~300 m深度之间对温度场改进较多,在其它深度范围内则改进较少;与TAO观测相比较,EOF_var、RF_var方案对模式温度场改进最多,EOF和RF方案次之,Inv方案则对温度场改进甚少。 相似文献
34.
A two-dimensional numerical model was presented for the simulation of wave breaking, runup and turbulence in the surf and swash zones. The main components of the model are the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes equations describing the average motion of a turbulent flow, a k–ε turbulence closure model describing the transformation and dissipation processes of turbulence and a volume of fluid technique for tracking the free surface motion. Nearshore wave evolution on a sloping bed, the velocity field and other wave characteristics were investigated. First, the results of the model were compared with experimental results for different surf zone hydrodynamic conditions. Spilling and plunging breakers were simulated and the numerical model investigated for different wave parameters. The turbulence field was also considered and the spatial and time-dependent variations of turbulence parameters were discussed. In the next stage of the study, numerical results were compared with two sets of experimental data in the swash zone. Generally, there is good agreement except for turbulence predictions near the breaking point where the model does not represent well the physical processes. On the other hand, turbulence predictions were found to be excellent for the swash zone. The model provides a precise and efficient tool for the simulation of the flow field and wave transformations in the nearshore, especially in the swash zone. The numerical model can simulate the surface elevation of the vertical shoreline excursion on sloping beaches, while swash–swash interactions within the swash zone are accounted for. 相似文献