Theoretical aspects of cap-rock and fault seals for single- and two-phase hydrocarbon columns   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

N.L. Watts   《Marine and Petroleum Geology》1987,4(4)

Cap-rock seals can be divided genetically into those that fail by capillary leakage (membrane seals) and those whose capillary entry pressures are so high that seal failure preferentially occurs by fracturing and/or wedging open of faults (hydraulic seals). A given membrane seal can trap a larger oil column than gas column at shallow depths, but below a critical depth (interval), gas is more easily sealed than oil. This critical depth increases with lower API gravity, lower oil GOR and overpressured conditions (for the gas phase). These observations arise from a series of modelling studies of membrane sealing and can be conveniently represented using pressure/ depth (P/D) profiles through sealed hydrocarbon columns. P/D diagrams have been applied to the more complex situation of the membrane sealing of a gas cap underlain by an oil rim; at seal capacity, such a two-phase column will be always greater than if only oil or gas occurs below the seal.These conclusions contrast with those for hydraulic seals where the seal capacity to oil always exceeds that for gas. Moreover, a trapped two-phase column, at hydraulic seal capacity will be less than the maximum-allowed oil-only column, but more than the maximum gas-only column. Unlike membrane seals, hydraulic seal capacity should be directly related to cap-rock thickness, in addition to the magnitude of the minimum effective stress in the sealing layer and the degree of overpressure development in the sequence as a whole.Fault-related seals are effectively analogous to membrane cap-rocks which have been tilted to the angle of the fault plane. Consequently, all of the above conclusions derived for membrane cap-rocks apply to both sealing faults sensu stricto (fault plane itself seals) and juxtaposition faults (hydrocarbon trapped laterally against a juxtaposed sealing unit). The maximum-allowed two-phase column trapped by a sealing fault is greater than for equivalent oil-only and gas-only columns, but less than that predicted for a horizontal membrane cap-rock under similar conditions. Where a two-phase column is present on both sides of a sealing fault (which is at two-phase seal capacity), a deeper oil/water contact (OWC) in one fault block is associated with a deeper gas/oil contact (GOC) compared with the adjacent fault block. If the fault seal is discontinuous in the gas leg, however, the deeper OWC is accompanied by a shallower GOC, whereas a break in the fault seal in the oil leg results in a common OWC in both fault blocks, even though separate GOC's exist. Schematic P/D profiles are provided for each of the above situations from which a series of fundamental equations governing single- and two-phase cap-rock and fault seal capacities can be derived. These relationships may have significant implications for exploration prospect appraisal exercises where more meaningful estimates of differential seal capacities can be made.The membrane sealing theory developed herein assumes that all reservoirs and seals are water-wet and no hydrodynamic flow exists. The conclusions on membrane seal capacity place constraints on the migration efficiency of gas along low-permeabiligy paths at depth where fracturing, wedging open of faults and/or diffusion process may be more important. Contrary to previous assertions, it is speculated that leakage of hydrocarbons through membrane seals occurs in distinct pulses such that the seal is at or near the theoretically calculated seal capacity, once this has been initially attained.Finally, the developed seal theory and P/D profile concepts are applied to a series of development geological problems including the effects of differential depletion, and degree of aquifer support, on sealing fault leakage, and the evaluation of barriers to vertical cross-flow using RFT profiles through depleted reservoirs. It is shown that imbibition processes and dynamic effects related to active cross-flow across such barriers often preclude quantitative analysis and solution of these problems for which simulation studies are usually required.  相似文献   

辽东半岛南部地区滨海黄土的沉积特征   总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8  

李雪铭 《海洋科学》2001,25(1):32-35

分布在孙东半岛南端滨海地区的黄民庙岛群岛、胶辽半岛黄土一起构成了我国大陆黄土分布的最东界。通过对滨海马兰黄土粒度分布的因子对应分析、拟合度计算，结合滨海黄土的孢粉分析资料，初步认为：滨海黄土是风成的，是来自西北内陆的粉砂与冰期低海面海底砂混合堆积的产物，对应的样品因子载荷值及拟合度值计算表明，粒度分布中＞4φ粒级的细粒部分主要来自西北内陆，＜4φ粒级源于渤海湾西部。  相似文献   

运用德尔菲调查—灰色统计法确立水库鱼产力综合评价中的指标权重体系   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

焦念志 《海洋湖沼通报》1992,(4)

本文运用德尔菲方法对水库鱼产力综合评价中指标权重的合理分配问题作了专家调查,并采用灰色统计法对调查结果进行归纳处理,从而确立了一个水库鱼产力影响因素诸层次各方面的评价指标权重体系,可供今后的评价工作参考使用。  相似文献   

单锚腿系泊系统动力计算的新方法     

聂孟喜  张琳 《海洋技术学报》2007,26(2):1-5

在Hamilton型拟变分原理体系下,建立了一种时间子域以三次和五次B样条函数插值的时间子域法,并将这种新方法用于单锚腿系泊系统的动力响应分析中。算例表明,新方法比传统的动力计算方法Wilson-θ法,在计算精度上有明显的优势,表明本方法能够用于计算单锚腿系泊系统的动力响应。  相似文献   

日本对虾血清三类免疫球蛋白样物质的研究     

章跃陵  彭宣宪  王三英 《海洋科学》2001,25(5):37-41

采用单向免疫扩散法（SRID）和免疫酥斑点法（Dot-ELISA)对日本虾（Penaeus japonicus)血清中类IgM，IgG,IgA样物质进行了系统的研究分析。结果发现，虾血清中存在能与羊抗人IgM,IgG,IgA发生结合且能被特异性阻断试验确证的物质。文中还对12例对虾血清类IgM,IgG,IgA样物质的含量进行了检测。结果显示，虾血清中确实存在与人免疫球蛋白（Ig）特异性抗原决定簇极为相似的物质，它的存在对研究虾的抗病机制具有重要意义。  相似文献   

海底沉积物颗粒因素在不同频率下对声衰减的影响     

刘强  卢博  黄韶健  张福生 《热带海洋学报》2007,26(4):27-31

综合了多个沉积物声学测量的实验方案,提出适合研究柱状海底沉积物声衰减的实验方案。对黏土质粉砂的物理性质和声学性质作了相关处理,得到了在高、低两种测量频率下该类型沉积物的波形特性、频谱特性和与沉积颗粒因素有关的孔隙度对声衰减比的影响。进一步作了相应的回归分析,低频时方差为0.169—0.175,高频时方差为0.029—0.032,尝试总结出黏土质粉砂类型沉积物在两种频率下的声衰减趋势。  相似文献   

复合加载条件下吸力式沉箱基础承载特性数值分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王志云  王栋  栾茂田  范庆来  武科 《海洋工程》2007,25(2):52-56,71

吸力式沉箱基础的承载特性是海洋工程结构设施建造与设计中的一个关键问题。这种新型的深水海洋基础型式,通常承受竖向上拔荷载与水平荷载的共同作用,其工作性能与设计理论远远不能满足工程实践的需要。本文采用有限元分析方法对吸力式沉箱基础的极限承载特性进行数值计算。以大型通用有限元分析软件ABAQUS为平台,通过二次开发,数值实现了Swipe试验加载方法和固定位移比分析方法,针对不同的沉箱长径比、土的强度折减系数,探讨了沉箱基础在垂直上拔荷载和水平荷载单调联合作用下的极限承载力,通过对不同荷载组合的数值计算构造了复合加载条件下沉箱基础破坏包络面。  相似文献   

Impact of Sea-Land Interaction on Evolution of Taihu Lake     

孙金华  陆桂华 《中国海洋工程》2006,20(1):173-178

1 .IntroductionFor Lakes near the middle andlower reaches of the Yangtze River ,theformationof lake basinsisgreatly affected by geological structures ,andthe interaction betweenrivers and seas .The Taihu Lakeis locatedinthelow-lying plain nearthe east coa…  相似文献   

Effects of Irregular Wave Groups on Pile Forces     

Yang Zhengji Zuo Qihua Senior Engineer  River  Harbour Department  Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute  Nanjing Engineer  River  Harbour Department  Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute  Nanjing 《中国海洋工程》1991,(2)

The wave forces on 1, 2 and 4 vertical circular piles under the action of several wave trains of the same wave parameters, such as Hs,Tp and Mo, but different wave group factor GF are measured in the laboratory. After comparing these forces, it may be concluded that the mean and significant wave forces are almost of no difference for the wave trains with different GF. When GF is larger, the one-tenth of the wave froce extreme is slightly increased and the maximum wave force is much larger than the ones with smaller GF, to which attention must be paid in engineering practice.  相似文献   

黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegeli)肿瘤坏死因子α cDNA的克隆及特征分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

高春萍  蔡中华  宋林生  吴龙涛  池振明 《海洋与湖沼》2005,36(4):326-334

采用同源克隆的方法，从黑鲷中获得肿瘤坏死因子(TNFα)全长cDNA序列。该序列含1288个核苷酸，可编码253个氨基酸的TNF前体蛋白。它是一种跨膜蛋白，无糖基化位点和信号肽结构。黑鲷TNFα与其它鱼类的TNFα的相似性很高，占据进化上独立的分支；与哺乳类TNFα和TNFG源于共同的祖先。基因结构分析显示，该基因含有TNF家族pmfile和TNF家族的标签序列；在参与TNFα基因二硫键形成的两个半胱氨酸和TNFα三聚体形成的位点高度保守；空间结构模拟显示，它与哺乳类TNFα的空间结构相似，都是由两个β折叠片组成，每个折叠片包含5个反向平行的β链。表达研究结果表明，黑鲷TNFα在检测的各个组织中均为组成型表达，表现为在刺激与非刺激鱼体中，都可以检测到黑鲷TNFα的表达，但是其表达水平在不同组织中有很大差异。黑鲷TNFα在头肾、脾脏和鳃的表达量较高，而在心脏、肝脏、血液、肾脏和大脑中表达量较低。  相似文献