Special Issue on Earthquake‐Induced Collapse of Structural Systems          下载免费PDF全文

《地震工程与结构动力学》2015,44(5):829-830

  相似文献   

Surface soil moisture retrievals from remote sensing: Current status,products & future trends     

《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2015

Advances in Earth Observation (EO) technology, particularly over the last two decades, have shown that soil moisture content (SMC) can be measured to some degree or other by all regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and a variety of techniques have been proposed to facilitate this purpose.In this review we provide a synthesis of the efforts made during the last 20 years or so towards the estimation of surface SMC exploiting EO imagery, with a particular emphasis on retrievals from microwave sensors. Rather than replicating previous overview works, we provide a comprehensive and critical exploration of all the major approaches employed for retrieving SMC in a range of different global ecosystems. In this framework, we consider the newest techniques developed within optical and thermal infrared remote sensing, active and passive microwave domains, as well as assimilation or synergistic approaches. Future trends and prospects of EO for the accurate determination of SMC from space are subject to key challenges, some of which are identified and discussed within.It is evident from this review that there is potential for more accurate estimation of SMC exploiting EO technology, particularly so, by exploring the use of synergistic approaches between a variety of EO instruments. Given the importance of SMC in Earth’s land surface interactions and to a large range of applications, one can appreciate that its accurate estimation is critical in addressing key scientific and practical challenges in today’s world such as food security, sustainable planning and management of water resources. The launch of new, more sophisticated satellites strengthens the development of innovative research approaches and scientific inventions that will result in a range of pioneering and ground-breaking advancements in the retrievals of soil moisture from space.  相似文献   

Long-term SMOS soil moisture products: A comprehensive evaluation across scales and methods in the Duero Basin (Spain)     

《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2015

The European Space Agency’s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Level 2 soil moisture and the new L3 product from the Barcelona Expert Center (BEC) were validated from January 2010 to June 2014 using two in situ networks in Spain. The first network is the Soil Moisture Measurement Stations Network of the University of Salamanca (REMEDHUS), which has been extensively used for validating remotely sensed observations of soil moisture. REMEDHUS can be considered a small-scale network that covers a 1300 km² region. The second network is a large-scale network that covers the main part of the Duero Basin (65,000 km²). At an existing meteorological network in the Castilla y Leon region (Inforiego), soil moisture probes were installed in 2012 to provide data until 2014. Comparisons of the temporal series using different strategies (total average, land use, and soil type) as well as using the collocated data at each location were performed. Additionally, spatial correlations on each date were computed for specific days. Finally, an improved version of the Triple Collocation (TC) method, i.e., the Extended Triple Collocation (ETC), was used to compare satellite and in situ soil moisture estimates with outputs of the Soil Water Balance Model Green-Ampt (SWBM-GA). The results of this work showed that SMOS estimates were consistent with in situ measurements in the time series comparisons, with Pearson correlation coefficients (R) and an Agreement Index (AI) higher than 0.8 for the total average and the land-use averages and higher than 0.85 for the soil-texture averages. The results obtained at the Inforiego network showed slightly better results than REMEDHUS, which may be related to the larger scale of the former network. Moreover, the best results were obtained when all networks were jointly considered. In contrast, the spatial matching produced worse results for all the cases studied.These results showed that the recent reprocessing of the L2 products (v5.51) improved the accuracy of soil moisture retrievals such that they are now suitable for developing new L3 products, such as the presented in this work. Additionally, the validation based on comparisons between dense/sparse networks and satellite retrievals at a coarse resolution showed that temporal patterns in the soil moisture are better reproduced than spatial patterns.  相似文献   

成都平原粘性土动力学参数统计分析   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  

史丙新  周荣军  吕悦军  李建亮  亢川川  孔军 《震灾防御技术》2015,10(2):305-315

成都平原地震构造环境主要受近场中强地震和外围大地震的影响。成都平原内的第四系分布广泛,主要为河流相的砂卵石层夹粘土、粉土层。这种地层在土层地震反应计算时往往会产生一个峰值,具有显著的放大作用。本文共收集了107组土动力学参数的实验资料,统计分析了粉质粘土和粘土两种粘性土的实测土动力学参数,给出了它们在不同深度的动剪切模量比和阻尼比的统计值。然后,选取1个典型钻孔,建立了土层地震反应分析模型,分别运用本文"统计值"、"十五结果"、"规范值"、"推荐值"进行地震土层反应计算,从反应谱形状、地表峰值加速度和反应谱特征周期等方面,验证了本文"统计值"的适用性和针对性,结果表明在盆地内使用"规范值"和"推荐值"时应谨慎,不然可能会对工程的抗震设防产生不利的影响。本文的"统计值"比"规范值"和"推荐值"更适用于成都平原地区,对各类工程建设的场地地震安全性评价具有一定的借鉴和参考价值。  相似文献   

Multivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition Derived Multi‐Scale Spatial Relationships between Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity and Basic Soil Properties          下载免费PDF全文

Dongli She  Jiaxing Zheng  Ming'an Shao  Luis Carlos Timm  Yongqiu Xia 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2015,43(6):910-918

  相似文献   

辽河三角洲主要植被类型土壤水盐含量研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

吕国红  周莉  贾庆宇  王笑影  戴萍 《气象与环境学报》2010,26(6):65-70

基于不同植被类型,探讨辽河三角洲土壤的水盐状况,研究土壤全盐与土壤含水量及土壤pH值之间的关系。结果表明：辽河三角洲植被类型不同,土壤盐分、土壤含水量及土壤pH值明显不同。不同土层裸滩土壤全盐量均较高,小叶杨最低。翅碱蓬、紫花苜蓿、芦苇和柽柳作为盐生植被,对土壤含盐量影响较大。不同土层小叶杨土壤含水量均较低。裸滩、翅碱蓬及芦苇受潮汐影响较大,土壤含水量差异较大。调查区土壤pH值偏碱性,变化范围为7.30—8.97。土壤全盐、土壤含水量及土壤pH值之间总体呈显著相关,可见土壤含水量和pH值是显著影响土壤全盐量的重要因素。  相似文献   

Detection of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Agricultural Soils Receiving Biosolids Application     

Chenxi Wu  Alison L. Spongberg  Jason D. Witter  Min Fang  April Ames  Kevin P. Czajkowski 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2010,38(3):230-237

Increasing research has suggested that biosolids generated from municipal wastewater treatment can be a major sink for many pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and their land application potentially introduces these contaminants into the terrestrial and aquatic environments. In this study, methods were developed for the analysis of 14 PPCPs in biosolids and soils using pressurized liquid extraction, solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. Recoveries were over 50% for all analytes except diphenhydramine (?30%) in soils. Soil properties or type of biosolids showed minor effects on method recoveries. Estimated method limits of quantification (LOQ) range from 0.1–15 ng g^–1 for soil and 0.3–27 ng g^–1 for biosolids. A field study utilizing the methods revealed that other than carbamazepine‐10,11‐epoxide, all targeted compounds were detected in biosolids. Diphenhydramine, fluoxetine, triclosan and triclocarban were detected up to the μg g^–1 range with the highest concentration of 23 μg g^–1 for triclocarban. Seven of the PCCPs found in biosolids were also detected in agricultural soils amended with these biosolids and several (carbamazepine, diphenhydramine, and triclocarban) appeared to be persistent in soils. Triclocarban was also found most abundant in soils with the highest average concentration of 0.2 μg g^–1 while the rest of compounds were in the lower ng g^–1 range. Generally, the concentrations found on the fields were 2–3 degrees of magnitude lower than in the biosolids, which is likely to be due to dilution, degradation and leaching processes.  相似文献   

A case study of long-term field performance of check-dams in mitigation of soil erosion in Jiangjia stream,China   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Q. L. Zeng  Z. Q. Yue  Z. F. Yang  X. J. Zhang 《Environmental Geology》2009,58(4):897-911

This paper examines the long-term field performance of the check-dams in mitigation of soil erosion in the Duozhao catchment of Jiangjia stream, southwest China. Since their construction between 1979 and 1982, the check-dams have been functioning effectively. The examination is made via comparisons between the environmental conditions of the Duozhao catchment with its adjacent Menqian catchment in the stream, because no check dams were constructed in the Menqian catchment. The examination is based on recent field investigations and aerial photograph analyses, and covers four aspects: (a) bed gradients of catchment channels; (b) stability of bank slopes; (c) rates of land erosion; and (d) vegetations on bank slopes. The field data demonstrate that the check-dams have had the following good functions for mitigation of soil erosion: (1) restricting the channel depth and lateral erosions, (2) protecting the channel erosion base, (3) reducing the bed gradients of debris-flow channels, (4) fixing the channel bed, (5) stabilizing the bank slopes, as well as (6) facilitating the growth of vegetations. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   

Using soil and contaminant properties to assess the potential for groundwater contamination to the lower Great Lakes,USA   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Martin M. Kaufman  Daniel T. Rogers  Kent S. Murray 《Environmental Geology》2009,56(5):1009-1021

Contaminant risk factors in surface soil were evaluated within the urbanized Rouge River watershed in southeastern Michigan, USA, which includes metropolitan Detroit. An analytical risk factor model and Geographic Information Systems overlays were used to quantify and characterize the potential impacts of five categories of contaminants including DNAPLs (dense nonaqueous phase liquids), LNAPLs (light nonaqueous phase liquids), PAHs (polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons), PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), and lead. The results indicate that DNAPL compounds released into sand, moraine, and sandy and silty clay soil types have the greatest potential to affect groundwater, and impact the Great Lakes ecosystem and the public health.  相似文献   

Spatial variability assessment of soil nutrients in an intense agricultural area,a case study of Rugao County in Yangtze River Delta Region,China     

Yongcun Zhao  Xianghua Xu  Jeremy Landon Darilek  Biao Huang  Weixia Sun  Xuezheng Shi 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(5):1089-1102

Topsoil samples (0–20 cm) (n = 237) were collected from Rugao County, China. Geostatistical variogram analysis, sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS), and principal component (PC) analysis were applied to assess spatial variability of soil nutrients, identify the possible areas of nutrient deficiency, and explore spatial scale of variability of soil nutrients in the county. High variability of soil nutrient such as soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), available P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and B concentrations were observed. Soil nutrient properties displayed significant differences in their spatial structures, with available Cu having strong spatial dependence, SOM and available P having weak spatial dependence, and other nutrient properties having moderate spatial dependence. The soil nutrient deficiency, defined here as measured nutrient concentrations which do not meet the advisory threshold values specific to the county for dominant crops, namely rice, wheat, and rape seeds, was observed in available K and Zn, and the deficient areas covered 38 and 11%, respectively. The first three PCs of the nine soil nutrient properties explained 62.40% of the total variance. TN and SOM with higher loadings on PC1 are closely related to soil texture derived from different parent materials. The PC2 combined intermediate response variables such as available Zn and P that are likely to be controlled by land use and soil pH. Available B has the highest loading on PC3 and its variability of concentrations may be primarily ascribed to localized anthropogenic influence. The amelioration of soil physical properties (i.e. soil texture) and soil pH may improve the availability of soil nutrients and the sustainability of the agricultural system of Rugao County.  相似文献