Catchment scale hydrology of an irrigated cropping system under soil conservation practices          下载免费PDF全文

Patricio Cid  Helena Gómez‐Macpherson  Hakim Boulal  Luciano Mateos 《水文研究》2016,30(24):4593-4608

Soil erosion by water is a pressing environmental problem caused and suffered by agriculture in Mediterranean environments. Soil conservation practices can contribute to alleviating this problem. The aim of this study is to gain more profound knowledge of the effects of conservation practices on soil losses by linking crop management and soil status to runoff and sediment losses measured at the outlet of a catchment during seven years. The catchment has 27.42 ha and is located in a commercial farm in southern Spain, where a package of soil conservation practices is an essential component of the farming system. The catchment is devoted to irrigated annual crops with maize–cotton–wheat as the primary rotation. Mean annual rainfall‐induced runoff coefficient was 0.14 and mean annual soil loss was 2.4 Mg ha^?1 y^?1. Irrigation contributed to 40% of the crop water supply, but the amount of runoff and sediment yield that it generated was negligible. A Principal Components Analysis showed that total soil loss is determined by the magnitude of the event (rainfall and runoff depths, duration) and by factors related to the aggressiveness of the events (rainfall intensity and preceding soil moisture). A third component showed the importance of crop coverage to reduce sediment losses. Cover crops grown during autumn and early winter and crop residues protecting the soil surface enhanced soil conservation notably. The role of irrigation to facilitate growing cover crops in Mediterranean environments is discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Rapid ecosystem change challenges the adaptive capacity of Local Environmental Knowledge     

《Global Environmental Change》2015

The use of Local Environmental Knowledge has been considered as an important strategy for adaptive management in the face of Global Environmental Change. However, the unprecedented rates at which global change occurs may pose a challenge to the adaptive capacity of local knowledge systems. In this paper, we use the concept of the shifting baseline syndrome to examine the limits in the adaptive capacity of the local knowledge of an indigenous society facing rapid ecosystem change. We conducted semi-structured interviews regarding perceptions of change in wildlife populations and in intergenerational transmission of knowledge amongst the Tsimane’, a group of hunter-gatherers of Bolivian Amazonia (n = 300 adults in 13 villages). We found that the natural baseline against which the Tsimane’ measure ecosystem changes might be shifting with every generation as a result of (a) age-related differences in the perception of change and (b) a decrease in the intergenerational sharing of environmental knowledge. Such findings suggest that local knowledge systems might not change at a rate quick enough to adapt to conditions of rapid ecosystem change, hence potentially compromising the adaptive success of the entire social-ecological system. With the current pace of Global Environmental Change, widening the gap between the temporal rates of on-going ecosystem change and the timescale needed for local knowledge systems to adjust to change, efforts to tackle the shifting baseline syndrome are urgent and critical for those who aim to use Local Environmental Knowledge as a tool for adaptive management.  相似文献   

安顺市大暴雨的时空分布特征与物理量分析          下载免费PDF全文

曾妮 《中低纬山地气象》2020,44(6):66-70

利用2009-2019年安顺市6个国家站和77个区域站的逐日和逐小时降水资料、 Micaps资料,对安顺市大暴雨的时空分布特征及物理量进行分析,结果表明：安顺市年平均大暴雨日数为10.1d,年平均影响范围为54.1站次,5-9月是大暴雨出现的集中期,6月大暴雨出现频次最高,影响范围最广,大暴雨的主要发生时段和最强影响时段出现在夜间到早晨;区域性大暴雨比局地性大暴雨出现时间晚,结束时间早,6月是区域性大暴雨和局地性大暴雨出现最多的月份,5-7月局地性大暴雨出现的频率最高;安顺主要出现单日大暴雨,持续2d以上的大暴雨只出现过16次;大暴雨总日数的空间分布有两个高频区和两个低频区,总量的空间分布与总日数基本一致,强度的空间分布呈南强北弱,总站次的空间分布呈南多北少;在5月预报大暴雨天气时要更注重分析T85和T75,6-7月产生大暴雨时对能量和中低层的水汽含量的要求高于其它月份。  相似文献   

Remote sensing mapping of the regeneration of coastal natural habitats in Singapore: Implications for marine conservation in tropical cities     

Y. H. Jonathan Tan  Jacqueline K. Q. Tham  Aayush Paul  Umair Rana  Hui Ping Ang  Nhung T. H. Nguyen  Alex T. K. Yee  Bryan P. I. Leong  Simon Drummond  Karenne P. P. Tun 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2023,44(1):130-148

Rapid urbanization has resulted in the loss of coastal and marine habitats in cities worldwide. The effective conservation of urban coastal ecosystems requires detailed knowledge of their spatial distribution, necessitating high-resolution mapping. Our study produces a high-resolution coastal and marine habitat map and shoreline map for the tropical city-state of Singapore created through pixel-based supervised classification of satellite imagery, bathymetry data and expert ground knowledge. These maps can be used as a base reference for multiple applications including ecological research, conservation and urban planning. They also help identifiy trends in the extent of key coastal habitats, providing insight into their differing levels of vulnerability to loss and potential for restoration to ensure long-term resilience. The method used for mapping shoreline typologies and resulting insights gained, can guide other rapidly urbanizing coastal cities on strategies to assemble useful spatial knowledge for effective conservation of their urban coastal ecosystems.  相似文献   

Using maps of continuous variation in species compositional turnover to supplement uniform polygon species range maps     

Giovanni Di Virgilio  Shawn W. Laffan 《International journal of geographical information science》2014,28(8):1658-1673

Species ranges are often represented using polygons, with the attendant issues that they show uniform ranges with abrupt boundaries and can overestimate species ranges. We demonstrate that such uniform species ranges can be supplemented by mapping the gradational variation in species turnover across a landscape. Directional variation in species turnover for 15 skink species (Reptilia: Scincidae) and topographic and climatic turnover in south-eastern Australia were measured using directional moving window analyses, rotated through 360°. The resultant species turnover maps were compared with published polygon range maps for two species within the group (Liopholis whitii and L. inornata). We also assessed how the relationships between species and environmental turnover varied in areas of low or high species turnover. Continuous transitions between distinct areas of low and high species turnover were mapped. Low turnover comprised only 19% of the L. whitii polygon species range within the study area extent. These low turnover areas were more densely populated by L. whitii (67% of observations), whereas areas of medium to high turnover contained substantially fewer observations (25%). Regions with the highest species turnover contained only 6% of observations. L. inornata observations were also clustered in low species turnover areas. Averaged climatic and elevation values were higher in low-turnover areas despite their close adjacency to high-turnover zones. The environmental turnover in low species turnover regions was also lower than in high-turnover areas. Correlations between environmental turnover and low species turnover areas were positive, whereas the opposite relationship applied in high species turnover areas. We identified both abrupt and gradual distributional breaks between separate reptile assemblages; an example of the latter is located in the Hunter Valley in the south-eastern coastal region. This break has been mapped using solid, uniform lines in species ranges and thus implicitly as an abrupt break. Environmental conditions may be more favourable to skinks in low-turnover areas. Since L. whitii and other skink species have very large populations in low-turnover areas, other squamate species may also be more likely to occur in these areas. This has potential implications for conservation prioritisation. The turnover maps used here can supplement the information provided about reptile distributions by the equivalent polygon ranges. This approach can be applied to point occurrence data for any taxonomic group or any similar georeferenced diversity data set.  相似文献   

Supply of carbon sequestration and biodiversity services from Australia's agricultural land under global change     

《Global Environmental Change》2014

Global agroecosystems can contribute to both climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation, and market mechanisms provide a highly prospective means of achieving these outcomes. However, the ability of markets to motivate the supply of carbon sequestration and biodiversity services from agricultural land is uncertain, especially given the future changes in environmental, economic, and social drivers. We quantified the potential supply of these services from the intensive agricultural land of Australia from 2013 to 2050 under four global outlooks in response to a carbon price and biodiversity payment scheme. Each global outlook specified emissions pathways, climate, food demand, energy price, and carbon price modeled using the Global Integrated Assessment Model (GIAM). Using a simplified version of the Land Use Trade-Offs (LUTO) model, economic returns to agriculture, carbon plantings, and environmental plantings were calculated each year. The supply of carbon sequestration and biodiversity services was then quantified given potential land use change under each global outlook, and the sensitivity of the results to key parameters was assessed. We found that carbon supply curves were similar across global outlooks. Sharp increases in carbon sequestration supply occurred at carbon prices exceeding 50 $ tCO₂⁻¹ in 2015 and exceeding 65 $ tCO₂⁻¹ in 2050. Based on GIAM-modeled carbon prices, little carbon sequestration was expected at 2015 under any global outlook. However, at 2050 expected carbon supply under each outlook differed markedly, ranging from 0 to 189 MtCO₂ yr⁻¹. Biodiversity services of 3.32% of the maximum may be achieved in 2050 for a 1 $B investment under median scenario settings. We conclude that a carbon market can motivate supply of substantial carbon sequestration but only modest amounts of biodiversity services from agricultural land. A complementary biodiversity payment can synergistically increase the supply of biodiversity services but will not provide much additional carbon sequestration. The results were sensitive to global drivers, especially the carbon price, and the domestic drivers of adoption hurdle rate and agricultural productivity. The results can inform the design of an effective national policy and institutional portfolio addressing the dual objectives of climate change and biodiversity conservation that is robust to future uncertainty in both national and global drivers.  相似文献   

Combination of ecoprofile and least-cost model for eco-network planning   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

He Xiao  Yunhui Liu  Zhenrong Yu  Qian Zhang  Xin Zhang 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2014,24(1):113-125

The protecting requirements and functional connectivity of species in isolated habitat patches are crucial factors of eco-network planning.This study aimed to improve the method of eco-network planning for species conservation.Ecoprofiling was used to group the species by similar behavior types,namely,choice of ecosystem,area requirement,and short distance dispersal abilities.A least-cost model was used to simulate the optimal corridor location to maintain functional connectivity.A combination of ecoprofile and least-cost model was hired to develop an eco-network that promoted species conservation.A case study was also conducted in Bei-jing,China.In addition to the required ecosystem,habitat area is an important parameter for habitat extraction.Habitat area can remove noise habitat patches because of lacking area.Short-distance dispersal can be used to identify corridor requirements and avoid unneces-sary building requirements.Species with various dispersal abilities exhibit significant differences in terms of corridor length and loca-tion requirement.Habitat isolation is the main threat for weakly mobile species,and habitat loss is the major risk of mobile species pro-tection.Different species groups also exhibit distinct landscape pattern demands for an eco-network,and the eco-network planning based on specific species can not protect other species.We proposed that a combination of ecoprofile and least-cost model improved the efficiency of species conservation by eco-network planning.  相似文献   

1960—2010年中国西南地区区域性气象干旱事件的特征分析   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

李韵婕  任福民  李忆平  王朋岭  晏红明 《气象学报》2014,72(2):266-276

利用区域性极端事件客观识别法（Objective Identification Technique for Regional Extreme Events,OITREE）和1960—2010年中国西南地区（四川、云南、贵州省和重庆市）101个站综合气象干旱指数（CI）进行区域性气象干旱事件识别研究,确定了相应的OITREE方法参数组,并识别得出87次中国西南地区区域性气象干旱事件,其中9次达到极端强度,而2009年9月—2010年4月发生的特大干旱是中国西南地区近50年最严重的区域性气象干旱事件。进一步分析表明,中国西南地区区域性气象干旱事件的持续时间一般为10—80 d,最长可达231 d;11—4月是西南地区的旱季。云南和四川南部是西南干旱的频发和强度中心地区;强的（极端及重度）干旱事件可分为5种分布类型,其中南部型出现机会最多。过去50年西南地区区域性气象干旱事件频次显著增多,强度有所增强,其主要原因可能是该地区降水量显著减少所致,而气温升高也起到了推波助澜的作用。  相似文献   

雨量计与星载测雨雷达资料结合的降水估算方法   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

邵颖  史岚  张狄  陈慧  张祝 《气象科学》2014,34(4):390-396

利用华东地区97个气象站点,1998—2012年逐月降水资料和TRMM卫星降水产品,基于卫星结合雨量计降水估算方法,并考虑海拔高度对降水的影响,对华东地区的降水进行估算,得到研究区域降水的时空分布情况。通过误差验证,发现估算值与站点实测值之间具有较好的一致性,并且1、4、10月的估算值要好于7月的估算值。总体而言,该方法能够对华东地区进行较好的降水估算,并且能够反映研究区域的降水空间分布情况。  相似文献   

Using a spatial overlap approach to estimate the risk of collisions between deep diving seabirds and tidal stream turbines: A review of potential methods and approaches     

《Marine Policy》2014

It is likely that there will be a substantial increase in the number of tidal stream turbines within the UK over the next decade. However, the ecological impacts upon marine top-predators, including seabirds, remain largely unknown. Although tidal stream turbines could have many direct and indirect impacts upon seabird populations, it is the risk of direct collisions between individuals and moving components that currently causes the most concern. Species such as Auks Alcidae sp., Cormorants Phalacrocorax sp. and Divers Gavia sp. almost certainly face higher risks than others. However, it is likely that they are not equally vulnerable. Part of predicting which are most vulnerable involves the estimation of spatial overlap between their foraging distributions and the location of tidal stream turbines. This paper reviews potential methods and approaches that should help to predict whether a population would: (1) exploit areas suitable for tidal stream turbines, (2) dive near tidal stream turbines within these areas, or (3) dive to depths where moving components are found? Answering these questions in a hierarchical manner (from 1 to 3) could help to predict the extent of spatial overlap for vulnerable populations. These approaches require a fundamental understanding of the mechanistic links between physical conditions, prey characteristics and foraging opportunities. Therefore, multi-disciplinary approaches incorporating methods usually associated with oceanographic and fisheries studies are needed to document physical conditions and prey characteristics over large and small spatial scales. Answering these questions also requires collaborative efforts and a strategic governance approach to collating the wide range of distributional, prey and physical datasets currently being collected.  相似文献