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81.
Starting from a number of observables in the form of time-series of meteorological elements in various areas of the northern hemisphere, a model capable of fitting past records and predicting monthly vorticity time changes in the western Mediterranean is implemented. A new powerful statistical methodology is introduced (MARS) in order to capture the non-linear dynamics of time-series representing the available 40-year history of the hemispheric circulation. The developed model is tested on a suitable independent data set. An ensemble forecast exercise is also carried out to check model stability in reference to the uncertainty of input quantities. 相似文献
82.
春季影响江淮地区的天气尺度气旋活动与同期降水的联系 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
本文基于1979~2013年ERA-Interim逐日4次的850 hPa位势高度场资料,利用基于最外围闭合等值线的气旋区客观识别方法得到春季影响江淮地区的二维气旋集,依据水平尺度划分了天气尺度气旋并分析该区域气旋强度的时空分布特征以及气旋活动与站点降水异常的关系,结果表明:天气尺度气旋活动与江淮地区降水异常、强降水事件发生频次均存在显著的正相关关系。气旋活动指数高-低年份差值分析发现,随着气旋活动指数增强,东北亚地区对流层中上层增温并伴随异常高压中心出现,促使其南部南北经向温度梯度以及高空西风急流偏弱。这有利于江淮区域北部异常正涡度平流输入,同时江淮地区对流层低层形成横槽型环流,江淮区域南部及其上游地区对流层中下层出现异常西南气流,有利于江淮区域涡度增大,相应的低空辐合、高空辐散垂直结构,为天气尺度气旋发展与维持提供了有利的动力抬升条件。横槽型异常环流配置有利于江淮区域南部的西南暖湿气流和北部的异常西向/西北向水汽输入和堆积,导致区域云量以及降水异常的增多。 相似文献
83.
综合使用NCEP分析、站点观测、地面天气图及卫星云图等资料,从地面和高低空天气形势、气象要素变化、大气垂直和水平结构等方面对南极长城站的一次强雪暴天气过程进行了分析研究。该雪暴发生于2006年8月29日,极大风速33.3ms-1,最低水平能见度不足10m。分析认为本次过程发生在“南高北低”的天气形势下,“南高北低”引发的偏东大风是雪暴发生的先决条件。来自南极内陆冷空气的低空东风急流给长城站带来了显著的降温、减湿,使本次雪暴带有明显的低温低湿特征。高空暖平流输送为雪暴的发生提供了充足的水汽条件。中低层深厚的气旋性涡度,高空辐散、低层辐合的散度场配置和强烈的上升运动导致高层暖湿气流和低层干冷气流的充分混合,是导致长城站出现强降雪、进而引发雪暴的动力原因。雪暴后期伴有明显的低层逆温,其本质是上暖下冷的气团垂直结构,它对雪暴后期的维持可能起着重要作用。 相似文献
84.
85.
Reliable age dating of coastal sedimentary landforms is crucial for inferring storm frequencies and magnitudes from geological archives. However, in highly energetic coastal settings, radiocarbon dating is often biased by reworking and/or poorly constrained marine reservoir effects. Due to this, most cyclone-driven sediment archives from the semiarid coast of NW Australia – a region frequently affected by tropical cyclones but with a historical record limited to ∼150 a, and therefore strongly in need of long-term data inferred from geological evidence – are affected by chronological inaccuracies. Optically stimulated luminescence dating (OSL) may overcome these shortcomings by dating the transport of sediment directly. In turn it may be related to other challenges when applied to cyclone deposits from semiarid environments. The cyclone-induced washover fans at Point Lefroy, NW Australia, are composed of a heterogeneous mixture of coral fragments, shell hash and siliciclastic sand. This makes them particularly prone to high dose scatter resulting from a combination of partial bleaching, sediment mixing and dose-rate heterogeneity. The washover fans are further characterised by a discontinuous nature of cyclone deposition, as indicated by erosional features and macroscopic brunification horizons. By using a combination of quartz single grain dating, autoradiography, alpha counting and gamma spectrometry, sediment mixing and dose rate heterogeneity are identified as the main sources of dose scatter. The resulting chronology allows us to discriminate at least four well constrained phases of washover fan activity at ∼180, ∼360, ∼870, and ∼1300 a ago. Older but less well constrained activity phases occurred ∼1950, ∼2300, and ∼2830 a ago. While these phases of increased cyclone activity correlate with depositional units separated by potential palaeosols, OSL ages, quasi-continuous portable OSL reader measurements and gamma spectrometry measured with increased sampling resolution point to deposition of distinct washover units within a very short period of time. However, unambiguous discrimination between deposition of individual units by single events and deposition by several cyclones within periods of only a few decades is currently not possible. 相似文献
86.
87.
采用常规资料、自动站资料、多普勒雷达资料和NCEP每6 h1次,1°×1°的实时分析资料,对2007年8月10－12日庄河地区出现的一次大暴雨天气过程进行诊断分析。结果表明：受副热带高压后部深厚的暖湿气流及西风带高空槽、切变线及气旋倒槽等动力系统共同影响,庄河地区出现了大暴雨天气,但没有出现强雷暴,此过程主要影响系统是地面气旋倒槽;700 hPa和850 hPa低涡、切变线使中低层辐合加强,形成了较强的动力抬升和水汽辐合;庄河地区处于强而宽的假相当位温锋区中,位势不稳定的建立是造成此次强降水的必要条件。造成本次大暴雨天气的水汽通道有2条：一条来自孟加拉湾和减弱的热带低压,另一条来自东海。 相似文献
88.
北太平洋风暴轴的三维空间结构 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
文中利用最新的0.5°×0.5°分辨率QuikSCAT(QuikBird Satellite Microwave Scatterometer Sea Winds Data)海面风场资料、NCEP(National Center for Environmental Prediction)的10 m高度风场资料和全球客观再分析资料,对1999-2005年冬季(1月)和夏季(7月)北太平洋风暴轴的三维空间结构进行了分析,发现冬季北太平洋风暴轴的强度较强,呈明显的纬向拉伸带状分布特征,位置偏南.夏季北太平洋风暴轴的强度较弱,位置偏北.根据不同高度上位势高度方差的水平分布特征,绘制了北太平洋风暴轴的三维结构示意图.利用高分辨率QuikSCAT资料对风暴轴特征的刻画更为细致,不但验证了Nakamu-ra在南大洋发现的双风暴轴现象,而且还发现在北太平洋和北大西洋下层分别存在"副热带风暴轴"和"副极地风暴轴"两个风暴轴.对1999-2005年冬季北太平洋气旋和反气旋的移动路径进行的统计分析,为北太平洋"双风暴轴"的存在提供了强有力的证据. 相似文献
89.
The shapes of 268 tropical cyclone tracks in the South West Indian Ocean (SWIO) basin are investigated over the period 1977 to 2011 using an established metric for track sinuosity. Original cyclone position data from the RSMC La Réunion area of responsibility were accessed from the IBTrACS archive maintained by NOAA. Cyclone track sinuosity was measured within a GIS environment and the filtered results were normalised with a cube-root transformation function to reduce positive skew in the output sinuosity distribution. Several key findings from spatial and temporal analysis of sinuosity results may be highlighted. To assess geographical patterns, mapping tracks within designated quartile categories (straight, quasi-straight, curving and sinuous tracks) indicates which land areas in the SWIO are more likely to be affected by cyclones following sinuous tracks that are more difficult to forecast, in particular Madagascar and the islands of Réunion and Mauritius. Over the past three decades, the temporal sinuosity pattern shows a high degree of variability that will probably continue into the future. Yet crucially, a number of conspicuous episodes of relatively magnified or subdued sinuosity are recognised compared to long-term averages. This may present opportunities for identifying major climatic controls on regional anomalous cyclone migration behaviour. Within the average yearly cyclone season, the early months (September–December) have a tendency to produce more predictable straighter-moving cyclones, whereas January stands out as the singular month marking an abrupt swing towards a greater proportion (64%) of curving and sinuously-moving storms. This finding is of importance for vulnerability assessment, because a strong positive correlation is also identified between track sinuosity and cyclone longevity, such that storms steering less predictable sinuous courses are also those that tend to survive for longer durations. 相似文献
90.
导致“7.21”特大暴雨过程中水汽异常充沛的天气尺度动力过程分析研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
2012年7月21日北京发生了历史罕见的特大暴雨,最大累计降水量达到541 mm,最大雨强100.3 mm/h,强降水持续10多个小时,造成了巨大的损失。使用常规观测资料和NCEP再分析资料在讨论环境大气湿度条件与特大暴雨关系的基础上,分析了实现充沛的水汽远距离输送到华北并在北京上空积累的天气尺度动力过程及其形成的原因。结果表明,“7.21”特大暴雨产生在大气异常潮湿的环境中。在暴雨发生时,比湿最大值达到19 g/kg,而且,对流层中下层的比湿比北京区域性暴雨历史个例高40%。产生长时间强降水的重要原因是边界层以上高湿的特征在暴雨产生的过程中一直维持。充沛的水汽被一支从低纬度一直贯通到40°N附近的低空偏南气流从孟加拉湾和中国南海向北输送。偏南风持续增大形成低空急流,增大了水汽的输送。而且,随着急流核向东北方向移动逐渐靠近北京,在北京上空对流层低层产生了-17.7 g/（hPa·m2·s）异常强烈的水汽通量辐合。同时,高空强烈辐散与低空辐合的耦合不断加强,不仅增加了低层水汽在暴雨区汇集,而且也通过增强垂直速度将更多的潮湿空气向上输送,使高层大气湿度增大。通过上述两个天气尺度动力过程,实现了水汽的远距离输送,并在暴雨区上空强烈辐合,导致北京地区水汽异常充沛。输送水汽的偏南风持续增大的原因主要有两个：一是台风外围环流的影响;二是在海上副热带高压稳定维持的情况下,大陆上低压加强、东移,造成东西向气压梯度增大,在地转偏向力的作用下,南风增强。最后,得到了实现水汽远距离输送的天气尺度动力过程机理模型。 相似文献