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Active faults in the Zagros and central Iran 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
D. M. Bachmanov V. G. Trifonov Kh. T. Hessami A. I. Kozhurin T. P. Ivanova E. A. Rogozhin M. C. Hademi F. H. Jamali 《Tectonophysics》2004,380(3-4):221-241
Active tectonic movements in the northwestern Zagros include right lateral slip at the rate of about 10 mm/a along the Main Recent Fault, which inherits the position of the Main Thrust, now inactive, and active thrusting and accompanying folding distributed between several zones southwest of the Main Recent Fault. In the southeastern Zagros (the Fars Province), there are several right lateral faults that extend N–S obliquely to the overall trend of the Zagros fault-and-fold belt. These may be either branches of the Main Recent Fault, or faults accommodating relative broadening of the outer Zagros in its southeastern segment. The Main Thrust in the southeastern Zagros also remains inactive.
The Ipak, North Tehran, and Mosha fault zones and several minor structures in the eastern Alborz form the E–W-trending active fault system with combined reverse and left lateral slip. On the Ipak and Mosha zones, lateral movements with the late Quaternary mean rate exceeding 1 mm/a dominate over vertical fault movements. Together with right lateral faults stretching northeast of Zagros, the faults of the Alborz may accommodate east-directed motion of the Iranian microplate. 相似文献
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A combined biostratigraphic model comprising 12 biozones is proposed for the Berriasian–Bedoulian (lower Aptian) shallow-platform deposits of the newly defined Fahliyan, Sar Bisheh, Ghari, Gadvan and Chahoo formations in the Zagros fold-thrust belt. Six biozones are established for the benthic foraminifers, four plus one subzone (taxon-range zone) for the dasycladalean algae and three for the tintinnids. The top and base of these biozones are calibrated with Sr-isotope numerical dating. The dataset is founded on outcrops and subsurface data in the Khuzestan, Fars and Bandar Abbas areas. High resolution biostratigraphic studies reveal that a sedimentary break corresponding to an exposure is present at the base of the Berriasian across the platform, and becomes younger from west toward the east. Another diachronous regional hiatus is detected on top of the Sar Bisheh Formation. Dated late Valanginian pro parte, it is the largest hiatus occurring in the Fars area. This study demonstrates that the boundary between the Sar Bisheh Formation and the Ghari/Chahoo formations, respectively covering the former Lower Fahliyan and Upper Fahliyan/Gadvan-Dariyan formations, is Hauterivian, not Barremian as stated by previous authors. It also shows that the Gadvan Formation does not reach the Aptian, contrary to previous statements. Sr-isotope stratigraphy offers a comparable resolution to that achieved by biostratigraphy. Combining the two methods results in a better resolution, enabling to estimate the depositional rates and importance of missing intervals. 相似文献
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Deposition of organic rich black shales and dark gray limestones in the Berriasian-Turonian interval has been documented in many parts of the world. The Early Cretaceous Garau Formation is well exposed in Lurestan zone in Iran and is composed of organic-rich shales and argillaceous limestones. The present study focuses on organic matter characterization and source rock potential of the Garau Formations in central part of Lurestan zone. A total of 81 core samples from 12 exploratory wells were subjected to detailed geochemical analyses. These samples have been investigated to determine the type and origin of the organic matter as well as their petroleum-generation potential by using Rock-Eval/TOC pyrolysis, GC and GCMS techniques. The results showed that TOC content ranges from 0.5 to 4.95 percent, PI and Tmax values are in the range of 0.2 and 0.6, and 437 and 502 °C. Most organic matter is marine in origin with sub ordinary amounts of terrestrial input suggesting kerogen types II-III and III. Measured vitrinite reflectance (Rrandom%) values varying between 0.78 and 1.21% indicating that the Garau sediments are thermally mature and represent peak to late stage of hydrocarbon generation window. Hydrocarbon potentiality of this formation is assessed fair to very good capable of generating chiefly gas and some oil. Biomarker characteristics are used to provide information about source and maturity of organic matter input and depositional environment. The relevant data include normal alkane and acyclic isoprenoids, distribution of the terpane and sterane aliphatic biomarkers. The Garau Formation is characterized by low Pr/Ph ratio (<1.0), high concentrations of C27 regular steranes and the presence of tricyclic terpanes. These data indicated a carbonate/shale source rock containing a mixture of aquatic (algal and bacterial) organic matter with a minor terrigenous organic matter contribution that was deposited in a marine environment under reducing conditions. The results obtained from biomarker characteristics also suggest that the Garau Formation is thermally mature which is in agreement with the results of Rock-Eval pyrolysis. 相似文献
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《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2016,76(1):13-37
The Mombi bauxite deposit is located in 165 km northwest of Dehdasht city, southwestern Iran. The deposit is situated in the Zagros Simply Fold Belt and developed as discontinuous stratified layers in Upper Cretaceous carbonates (Sarvak Formation). Outcrops of the bauxitic horizons occur in NW-SE trending Bangestan anticline and are situated between the marine neritic limestones of the Ilam and Sarvak Formations. From the bottom to top, the deposit is generally consisting of brown, gray, pink, pisolitic, red, and yellow bauxite horizons. Boehmite, diaspore, kaolinite, and hematite are the major mineral components, while gibbsite, goethite, anatase, rutile, pyrite, chlorite, quartz, as well as feldspar occur to a lesser extent. The Eh–pH conditions during bauxitization in the Mombi bauxite deposit show oxidizing to reducing conditions during the Upper Cretaceous. This feature seems to be general and had a significant effect on the mineral composition of Cretaceous bauxite deposits in the Zagros fold belt. Geochemical data show that Al2O3, SiO2, Fe2O3 and TiO2 are the main components in the bauxite ores at Mombi and immobile elements like Al, Ti, Nb, Zr, Hf, Cr, Ta, Y, and Th were enriched while Rb, Ba, K, Sr, and P were depleted during the bauxitization process. Chondrite-normalized REE pattern in the bauxite ores indicate REE enrichment (ΣREE = 162.8–755.28 ppm, ave. ∼399.36 ppm) relative to argillic limestone (ΣREE = 76.26–84.03 ppm, ave. ∼80.145 ppm) and Sarvak Formation (ΣREE = 40.15 ppm). The REE patterns also reflect enrichment in LREE relative to HREE. Both positive and negative Ce anomalies (0.48–2.0) are observed in the Mombi bauxite horizons. These anomalies are related to the change of oxidation state of Ce (from Ce3+ to Ce4+), ionic potential, and complexation of Ce4+ with carbonate compounds in the studied horizons. It seems that the variations in the chemistry of ore-forming solutions (e.g., Eh and pH), function of carbonate host rock as a geochemical barrier, and leaching degree of lanthanide-bearing minerals are the most important controlling factors in the distribution and concentration of REEs. Several lines of evidences such as Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta ratios as well as similarity in REE patterns indicate that the underlying marly limestone (Sarvak Formation) could be considered as the source of bauxite horizons. Based on mineralogical and geochemical data, it could be inferred that the Mombi deposit has been formed in a karstic environment during karstification and weathering of the Sarvak limy Formation. 相似文献
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扎格罗斯褶皱冲断带是扎格罗斯碰撞造山带的前陆褶皱冲断带,也是波斯湾周缘前陆盆地的楔顶带,自北东到南西垂直于构造线方向可分为高扎格罗斯冲断带和扎格罗斯简单褶皱带;自北西到南东沿构造线方向可分为洛雷斯坦区(Lorestan)、迪兹富勒湾区(Dezful Embayment)和法尔斯区(Fars)。扎格罗斯褶皱冲断带的形成始于晚白垩世阿拉伯板块的洋壳向北俯冲到欧亚板块之下,褶皱冲断构造从北东部缝合带向南西方向伸展,并在上新世基本定型。本文选取了横切扎格罗斯褶皱冲断带的3条地质剖面和两条局部地震剖面进行构造变形分析。剖面分析显示研究区垂向上由一条大滑脱面将扎格罗斯褶皱冲断带剖面分为上、下两个构造层;褶皱冲断变形从北东到南西向由强变弱。研究区发育走滑、挤压和拉张3种构造变形,挤压构造变形占主导地位。挤压构造变形又包括滑脱褶皱、断展褶皱、断弯褶皱和双重构造等。 相似文献
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伊朗扎格罗斯造山带构造演化与成矿 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
扎格罗斯造山带是特提斯构造域的重要组成,其内赋存有世界级规模的金属矿产资源。本文综述了扎格罗斯造山带构造格架、物质组成、矿床分布及特征,讨论了该区构造演化与成矿。扎格罗斯造山带由南至北由扎格罗斯褶皱冲断带(ZFTB)、萨南达杰-锡尔詹岩浆变质带(SSZ)、乌尔米耶-达克塔尔火山岩浆带(UDMA)和伊朗中部地块四个构造单元组成。新元古代—早寒武世时,萨南达杰-锡尔詹带和伊朗中部地块位于冈瓦纳大陆北缘,受始特提斯洋盆俯冲影响,边缘发育大陆岩浆弧。晚石炭世—二叠纪萨南达杰-锡尔詹带和伊朗中部地块与冈瓦纳大陆裂解,新特提斯洋盆形成。三叠纪伊朗中部地块与北侧的欧亚大陆汇聚,古特提斯洋盆闭合。侏罗纪—白垩纪新特提斯洋盆向北侧的萨南达杰-锡尔詹带俯冲,形成弧岩浆岩及弧后盆地,其中弧前蛇绿岩中发育铬铁矿床,弧后盆地双峰式火山岩中产有块状硫化物矿床,碳酸盐岩内发育梅迪阿巴德密西西比河谷型超大型铅锌矿床。白垩纪末—新生代初洋壳向萨南达杰-锡尔詹带仰冲,含铬铁矿的蛇绿岩就位。始新世末—渐新世新特提斯洋闭合,南侧的阿拉伯板块与北侧的萨南达杰-锡尔詹带和中伊朗地块所在的欧亚大陆碰撞,在阿拉伯板块前缘形成扎格罗斯褶皱冲断带,在欧亚大陆南缘形成乌尔米耶-达克塔尔火山岩浆带。伴随碰撞,在萨南达杰-锡尔詹带的碳酸盐岩中形成类密西西比河谷型铅锌矿床,中中新世以来扎格罗斯地区进入后碰撞阶段,在乌尔米耶-达克塔尔带内发育了包括萨尔切实梅和松贡超大型矿床在内的众多斑岩型铜矿床。 相似文献
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伊朗扎格罗斯碰撞造山带马拉耶尔-伊斯法罕碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌成矿带——矿床基本特征与成因类型 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
伊朗马拉耶尔-伊斯法罕碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌成矿带,地处扎格罗斯碰撞造山带内陆的萨南达杰-锡尔詹中生代岩浆变质带构造转换区,带内发育丰富的碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿床,是伊朗境内重要的铅锌产出基地。综合分析表明,该带内的铅锌矿床形成于新生代古近纪早期,发育在阿拉伯板块-欧亚大陆板块碰撞造山阶段,其形成和区域上逆冲-走滑断层、走滑拉分盆地等压扭性构造密切相关。成矿带各矿区矿体多发育在区域逆冲断层上下盘,赋存于下白垩统碳酸盐岩内,受与逆断层相关的次级断层、岩性分界面等要素控制,总体以层控形式产出。矿种组合以Zn-Pb为主,少量矿区出现Cu。硫化物主体为闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铁矿,出现少量黄铜矿和黝铜矿,非硫化物以石英、白云石、方解石、重晶石为主。矿化以脉体充填或热液矿物交代充填为主要形式,脉状、浸染状、块状为主要矿石构造,强硅化和白云石化为主要蚀变特征。热液矿物仅发育两相盐水包裹体,成矿流体温度介于90~257℃,盐度介于0%~24%NaCl eq.,总体反映了中低温高盐度盆地卤水来源和另一种具中低温中低盐度特征的流体来源。不同矿区硫同位素组合差异较大,其中IranKuh矿区硫化物硫同位素为负值,介于-10‰~-3‰,重晶石硫同位素为正值,介于14‰~19‰,Emarat矿区硫化物硫同位素为正值,介于2‰~15‰,总体反映了生物还原或有机质热还原赋矿碳酸盐岩地层封存水中溶解的早白垩世海相硫酸盐为主要还原硫来源。方铅矿铅同位素组成在带内各矿区差别不大(206Pb/204Pb介于18.389~18.471,207Pb/204Pb介于15.628~15.659,208Pb/204Pb介于38.470~38.650),推测成矿金属物质来自区域整套的上地壳地层。该矿带碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿床为一套与岩浆作用无关的后生铅锌矿床,以世界上的矿床类型划分可在大范畴上归入MVT铅锌矿床,但是,这些矿床形成于大陆碰撞造山带内部,受控于区域压扭性构造,矿物组合中富石英的存在,这些特点并不能被已建立的MVT铅锌成矿模式所涵盖,彰显出了其独特的成矿特征,故暂视为一套类MVT铅锌矿床。这些矿床的成矿过程和其东邻的"三江"成矿带铅锌成矿发育相似,可初步归纳为:斜向碰撞、压扭性构造发育、盆地卤水下渗—流体汇聚,圈闭、有机质、细菌准备—硫酸盐被还原、还原硫形成,应力松弛—流体排泄,流体混合—金属沉淀,区域富岩浆岩地层准备、成矿流体温度快速下降—富硅矿物组合形成。 相似文献
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大陆碰撞造山样式与过程：来自特提斯碰撞造山带的实例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文选取特提斯域内比利牛斯、阿尔卑斯、扎格罗斯、喜马拉雅-青藏高原四个地球上最年轻的陆-陆碰撞造山带,对其造山带结构、类型、物质组成、构造岩浆过程等方面进行详细介绍,进而讨论各个造山带的差异性及其缘由,分析碰撞造山普遍性规律。资料分析表明,四个碰撞造山带具有不同的结构和组成。根据板块汇聚方向与造山带边界间的夹角可将造山带分为正向和斜向两种;根据造山带结构可将碰撞带分为对称式和不对称式两种。由此本文将碰撞造山带划分为四种基本式样:正向对称式、正向不对称式、斜向对称式、斜向不对称式,分别以比利牛斯、青藏高原、阿尔卑斯和扎格罗斯碰撞带为代表。综合分析四个造山带碰撞以来的岩浆构造活动,本文发现完整的碰撞过程可以划分为三个阶段,第一阶段主要发生挤压缩短、地壳加厚,高压变质和钙碱性火山岩浆活动;第二阶段以大规模走滑系统发育和高钾钙碱性或钾质火山岩浆作用为特征;第三个阶段挤压应力向碰撞带两侧扩展,同时伴有大型伸展构造系统的发育。在这三阶段演化历程中,比利牛斯只进行到第一阶段,成为幼年夭折的碰撞带;扎格罗斯进行到第二阶段,出现调节挤压应变的走滑系统和钾质超钾质岩浆活动;青藏高原和阿尔卑斯进行到第三个阶段,以发育大型伸展构造和钾质、超钾质岩浆活动为特征,但后者在造山带物质组成和汇聚速率方面显示出比前者更成熟的造山演化程度。因此认为岩石圈组成是碰撞造山带结构的主要控制因素,如果上覆板块具有相对不稳定的岩石圈,会使得碰撞带后陆发育宽广的构造岩浆带,造成造山带呈不对称式结构。 相似文献