人工草地种植模式对沙化土壤团聚体及有机质含量的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

蔺芳  刘晓静  张家洋 《中国沙漠》2018,38(6):1219-1229

通过连续6年定位试验,研究了紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）单播、多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne）单播、紫花苜蓿/多年生黑麦草混播3种种植模式对豫北地区土壤团聚体及其有机碳和土壤有机质的影响,并利用分形维数对土壤团聚体特性进行了量化研究。结果表明：沙化裸地和3种种植模式下土壤机械稳定性团聚体以5~3 mm和3~2 mm粒径为主,土壤水稳性团聚体以<0.25 mm粒径为主;与沙化裸地相比,3种种植模式下5~3 mm和3~2 mm 粒径土壤机械稳定性团聚体含量显著增加,而土壤水稳性团聚体的变化主要表现为<0.25 mm粒径显著减少,3~2 mm和2~0.5 mm粒径显著增加,同时≥2 mm粒径的土壤机械稳定性和水稳性团聚体有机碳含量明显增加;与沙化裸地相比,3种种植模式下土壤有机质含量均不同程度地增加,紫花苜蓿/多年生黑麦草混播 > 紫花苜蓿单播 > 多年生黑麦草单播,且随土层的加深而降低,呈现表聚性特征;无论机械稳定性还是水稳性团聚体,土壤质量分形维数（D_m）沙化裸地 > 多年生黑麦草单播 > 紫花苜蓿单播 > 紫花苜蓿/多年生黑麦草混播;5~3 mm和3~2 mm粒径的土壤机械稳定性和水稳性团聚体与有机碳含量极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与土壤有机质含量极显著相关（P<0.01）。相对于沙化裸地,豫北地区人工草地建植6年后能够有效改善土壤团聚体特性,优化土壤主要理化性状,其中又以紫花苜蓿/多年生黑麦草混播为最佳的种植模式。  相似文献   

Recycling of Coal Fly Ash and Paper Waste to Improve Low Productive Red Soil in Okinawa,Japan     

Guttila Yugantha Jayasinghe  Yoshihiro Tokashiki  Kazuthoshi Kinjo 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2009,37(9):687-695

Coal fly ash (CFA) and paper waste (PW) related environmental problems and its recycling techniques have been a major challenge to society. Therefore, it is of crucial importance to develop new recycling methods for CFA and PW. This work proposes a potential new way of developing synthetic aggregates (SA) using CFA, PW, starch waste and ammonium sulfate (AS) as a granular nitrogen fertilizer medium, and their utilization as a soil amendment to improve crop production in the low productive acidic red soil of Okinawa, Japan. Three types of SA with three different nitrogen (N) percentages were produced and used to amend acidic red soil in a pot experiment for the cultivation of Komatsuna, which is also called as Japanese mustard spinach (Brassica rapa var. pervidis). SA had a low bulk density (0.58–0.62 g/cm³), high water holding capacity (0.60–0.64 kg/kg), high saturated hydraulic conductivity (2.34·10^–2 cm/s), high mean weight diameter (MWD) (4.32–4.48 mm), alkaline pH (8.58–8.61), high electrical conductivity (EC) (82.18–84.35 mS/m) and high carbon (C) content (68.71–70.07 g/kg) in comparison with the acidic red soil. The trace element concentrations of the developed SA were below the maximum pollutant concentration of individual metals for land application of sewage sludge given by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies showed the higher structural surface area of SA, where round shaped CFA particles were embedded into the fibrous PW matrix. Incorporation of SA into the acidic red soil not only enhanced soil fertility but also improved the physical and chemical properties of the soil compared to soil without SA addition. SA addition to the acidic red soil significantly increased the growth and yield parameters of Komatsuna compared to soil without SA addition.  相似文献   

High-temperature annealing of amoeboid olivine aggregates: Heating experiments on olivine–anorthite mixtures     

Mutsumi Komatsu  Takashi Mikouchi  Masamichi Miyamoto 《Polar Science》2009,3(1):31-55

Amoeboid olivine aggregates (AOAs) are composed of forsteritic olivine, Fe,Ni-metal, and Ca,Al-rich nodules consisting mainly of Al-diopside, spinel, and anorthite. Although the textures, shapes, and mineralogy of AOAs are consistent with their being aggregates of nebular condensates, some textures are in conflict with equilibrium condensation calculations, indicating that AOAs were not produced by a simple one-stage condensation. To examine the origin of the constituent minerals within AOAs and their textural relationships, we performed heating experiments using mineral mixtures analogous to those in AOAs. Isothermal and cooling experiments on forsterite + anorthite mixtures reveal that a high-Ca pyroxene phase forms via the incipient melting of the two minerals. Comparative studies of heating experiments performed using the mineralogy of AOAs suggest that Al-diopside in AOAs can be produced from a small degree of melting of forsterite and anorthite. The formation of Al-diopside in this way is consistent with the annealing textures observed in AOAs, and it may account for the discrepancy between the observed mineralogy of AOAs and the results of equilibrium condensation calculations, the occurrence of two types of diopside (Al,Ti-rich diopside and Al-diopside), and the variable Al₂O₃ content of Al-diopside.  相似文献   

Factors controlling aggregate formation in the benthic boundary layer of the Mecklenburg Bight (western Baltic Sea)     

Sabine Jhmlich  Laurenz Thomsen  Gerhard Graf 《Journal of Sea Research》1999,41(4):348

Studies on aggregate formation and size distribution in relation to bottom water composition and flow regime were carried out in November 1994 at two transects in the inner and outer Mecklenburg Bight (Baltic Sea). The bottom water sampler ‘BIOPROBE' (BWS) was used to collect 10-dm³ water samples at 5, 10, 20 and 40 cm above the seabed. The outer transect samples tended to be more influenced by the open western Baltic Sea, whereas the inner transect samples were more affected by the coastal hydrography. Aggregate size distribution was investigated using a newly developed particle camera allowing identification of particles down to 150 μm size. Increasing concentrations of total particulate matter (TPM), particulate organic carbon (POC) and chlorophyll pigment equivalents (CPE) towards the seafloor together with a low proportion of POC/TPM (<5%) implied that the material was of resuspended origin. Aggregate size in both transects was positively correlated with TPM, transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and bacterial cell abundance. Higher particle concentrations and aggregate numbers in the outer transect indicated a higher resuspension frequency, or lateral advection processes. The higher concentration of aggregates at the outer transect may reflect the larger amount of near-bottom transported material.  相似文献   

Particle size characteristics of suspended sediment in hillslope runoff and stream flow     

Michael C. Slattery  Timothy P. Burt 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1997,22(8):705-719

This study examines the particle size characteristics of hillslope soils and fluvial suspended sediments in an agricultural catchment. Samples of surface runoff and stream flow were collected periodically and analysed for the size distributions of the effective (undispersed) sediment. This sediment was subsequently dispersed and the ultimate size distributions determined. The median effective particle size of stream suspended sediment was considerably coarser than the median ultimate particle size, indicating that most of the load included a substantial proportion of aggregates. Moreover, the proportion of fine material (i.e. silt and clay) increased, and the proportion of sand-sized material decreased, with increasing discharge. This decrease in sediment size with increased flow, which is contrary to the traditional assumption of a positive discharge/particle size relationship, is thought to reflect: (i) the influx of silt and clay, predominantly the former, originating on the catchment slopes and brought to the stream by overland flow along vehicle wheelings, roads and tracks; and (ii) erosion of fine material from the channel bed and banks. During large storms, however, the proportion of sand-sized sediment increased during the rising limb of the hydrograph, as a result of the entrainment of coarser source material from the valley floor during overbank flooding. The stream suspended sediment was finer than the catchment soils and considerably finer than material eroding from the catchment slopes during storms. The degree of clay and silt enrichment in the suspended sediments was largely the result of preferential deposition of the coarser fraction during the transport and delivery of sediment from its source to basin outlet. The data from this study confirm that a significant mode of sediment transport in fluvial systems is in the form of aggregates, and that the dispersed sediment size distribution is inappropriate for determining the transportability of sediment by flow. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

冻融过程对黑土水稳性团聚体含量影响   总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10  

王风  韩晓增  李良皓  张克强 《冰川冻土》2009,31(5):915-919

以黑土为试验材料,通过室内模拟试验,研究了冻融过程中含水量、温度、循环次数等因素对黑土团聚体稳定性的影响.结果表明:田间持水量(40%)时的冻融过程增强团聚体稳定性,含水量过高或过低均破碎团聚体,特别是高含水量(70%);冻结温度对团聚体稳定性也有显著影响,含水量条件是适宜冻结温度的先决条件;随冻融循环次数增加(1次、7次和14次)各级团聚体含量(>0.5mm)、团聚体总量和平均重量直径降低.在此基础上,针对含水量对团聚体稳定性效应的研究争议,提出冻融过程团聚体稳定性的土壤水气矛盾统一体假设.建议在黑土冻结前,调节土壤含水量至田间持水量,从而保持和改善土壤物理结构.  相似文献   

The influence of drill cuttings on physical characteristics of phytodetritus     

Pabortsava K  Purser A  Wagner H  Thomsen L 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(10):2170-2180

Sinking of aggregated phytoplankton cells is a crucial mechanism for transporting carbon to the seafloor and benthic ecosystem, with such aggregates often scavenging particulate material from the water column as they sink. In the vicinity of drilling rigs used by the oil and gas industry, the concentration of particulate matter in the water column may at times be enriched as a result of the discharge of ‘drill cuttings’ - drilling waste material. This investigation exposed laboratory produced phytoplankton aggregates to drill cuttings of various composition (those containing no hydrocarbons from reservoir rocks and those with a <1% hydrocarbon content) and assessed the change in aggregate size, settling rate and resuspension behavior of these using resuspension chambers and settling cylinders. Results indicate that both settling velocity and seabed stress required to resuspend the aggregates are greater in aggregates exposed to drill cuttings, with these increases most significant in aggregates exposed to hydrocarbon containing drill cuttings.  相似文献   

High-resolution observations of aggregate flux during a sub-polar North Atlantic spring bloom   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Nathan Briggs  Mary Jane PerryIvona Cetini?  Craig LeeEric D'Asaro  Amanda M. GrayEric Rehm 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2011,58(10):1031-1039

An aggregate flux event was observed by ship and by four underwater gliders during the 2008 sub-polar North Atlantic spring bloom experiment (NAB08). At the height of the diatom bloom, aggregates were observed as spikes in measurements of both particulate backscattering coefficient (b_bp) and chlorophyll a fluorescence. Optical sensors on the ship and gliders were cross-calibrated through a series of simultaneous profiles, and b_bp was converted to particulate organic carbon. The aggregates sank as a discrete pulse, with an average sinking rate of ∼75 m d⁻¹; 65% of aggregate backscattering and 90% of chlorophyll fluorescence content was lost between 100 m and 900 m. Mean aggregate organic carbon flux at 100 m in mid-May was estimated at 514 mg C m⁻² d⁻¹, consistent with independent flux estimates. The use of optical spikes observed from gliders provides unprecedented coupled vertical and temporal resolution measurements of an aggregate flux event.  相似文献   

Growth Pattern and Its Indication of Spheroidal Nano-Micro Crystal Aggregates of Pyrite in the Baiyunpu Pb-Zn Polymetallic Deposit,Central Hunan     

GAO Shang  HUANG Fei  GU Xiangping  LI Xiangyou  MENG Lin  LIU Rui  SUN Li  GAO Wenyuan  YU Huantao 《《地质学报》英文版》2014,88(6):1770-1783

The Baiyunpu deposit lies in the southwest plunging Dachengshan anticline in central Hunan, which is a large Pb-Zn polymetallic deposit. The orebodies were surrounded by the Qiziqiao Formation limestone in the Middle Devonian, and its geological occurrence is consistent with the wall rocks. A large number of spheroidal pyrite aggregates are found unevenly distributed in the ores. The spheroidal aggregates are made up of kernels and concentric rings. The kernels are composed of approximately epigranular pyrite nanocrystals, while the rings are composed of accumulated pyrite microcrystals growing along the radial direction. The spheroidal pyrite aggregate and its outer zones can be divided into five areas(A–E). The results of electron probe micro analysis(EPMA) show that from the zone A1 to B, Co/Ni 1, the sum of Co and Ni is 0.08%–0.26%, S/Fe increases from 2.06 to 2.15. While from the zone C to E, Ni cannot be detected and S/Fe decreases from 2.22 to 2.08. Powder X-ray diffraction(XRD) analysis in the micro zone shows obvious crystalline characteristics in the aggregates. Moving from the inside outwards, the maximum diffraction peak intensity of the(111) and(220) crystal planes of pyrite increases, and the crystallinity improves. The degree of change in the(111) plane is the most prominent. Considering the theory of crystal growth along with the geologic features of the depositional environment where the spheroidal pyrite aggregates developed, we confirm that the spheroidal aggregates are the result of nano-micro crystalline gathering and growth occurring by the following sequence of processes:nano-crystalline nucleation and growth, gathering into a ball, oriented growth of microcrystals, continuous accumulation, and adjustment of grain boundaries. The formation of the spheroidal pyrite aggregates in the late Qiziqiao Formation of the Middle Devonian occurred in a neutral to weak alkaline and reductive sedimentary environment in the normal oxygen-rich shallowwater carbonate platform edge. The variations in the S/Fe ratio and crystallisation characteristics indicate that during pyrite crystal growth, the sulphur fugacity was high locally and rose constantly, the degree of supersaturation decreased locally and the growth environment was stable relatively.  相似文献   

Benthic mucilaginous aggregates in the Mediterranean Sea: Origin, chemical composition and polysaccharide characterization     

Gianfranco Sartoni  Ranieri Urbani  Paola Sist  Daniela Berto  Caterina Nuccio  Michele Giani   《Marine Chemistry》2008,111(3-4):184-198

Benthic mucilaginous aggregates are frequently formed in various parts of the Mediterranean basin, as in the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic Seas. Notwithstanding their wide spatial distribution, the role played by these aggregates in the biogeochemical cycling of organic matter is still largely unknown.The characteristics of the benthic aggregates examined in the present study showed that they are different from other mucilaginous aggregates, such as the “pelagic” ones that can form in the same areas in the water column and subsequently sediment to the seafloor. The aggregates are usually formed of structures of the filamentous macroalgae Acinetospora crinita, Chrysonephos lewisii and Nematochrysopsis marina. The elemental composition of the aggregates showed a marine macrophyte origin on the basis of the bulk organic matter content of the aggregates. Carbohydrates and proteins account for 26.6 to 55.9% of the organic carbon in the mucilage, respectively. Monosaccharide composition of exopolysaccharides in the mucilage aggregates revealed a characteristic pattern, with galactose, xylose or mannose and fucose as the major components. The relatively high content of deoxysugars is another distinctive feature. The abundant sulphate and uronic groups present in the polysaccharides in addition to their macromolecular dimensions and elongation contribute to inter-chain aggregation. Electron microscopic observations suggest that the polysaccharide fraction is the main macromolecular component in the formation of the persistent gel network in the aggregates.  相似文献