Micro-properties of coal aggregates: Implications on hyperbaric filtration performance for coal dewatering     

C. Selomulya  J.Y.H. Liao  G. Bickert  R. Amal   《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2006,80(2-4):189-197

The recovery of ultrafine coal can be enhanced significantly by flocculating the particles prior to dewatering. It is thus crucial to be able to quantify the effects of aggregated particles on the separation efficiency, of which they are still not fully understood. This study focused on the relationship between the micro-properties (size, structure, and strength) of flocculated coal particles and the characteristics of filter cakes obtained through hyperbaric filtration. Tools such as small angle light scattering and confocal scanning laser microscopy were used to determine the aggregate structure. The comparative bond strength of aggregates generated under different flocculation conditions was measured through a non-dimensional approach. The effects of these properties on specific cake resistance, saturation, and moisture content, as indicative of the filtration performance, were observed. It was found that flocs generated using a moderate amount of flocculant dosage (60–100 g of polymer/tonne of coal) for this ultrafine coal (97% < 35 μm) optimised the properties of dewatered filter cakes. Although cakes composed of larger and stronger aggregates with more flocculant were found to have higher porosity, the effects on specific cake resistance and cake saturation were detrimental, possibly due to the increasing proportion of intra-aggregate pores that were harder to dewater. The trend was less noticeable at low filtration pressures where most of the dewatering occurred within the larger capillaries of the inter-aggregate zones. In addition, the presence of polymer molecules was responsible in absorbing residual moisture that could not be removed through mechanical means. Through a series of tests using pre-formed filter cakes, the amount of moisture retained by the flocculant was quantified to be approximately 10.2 mg of water for every addition of 1 g of polymer/tonne of coal, calculated per 100 g of filter cake produced from hyperbaric filtration in this case.  相似文献   

Characterization of Individual Soot Aggregates from Different Sources using Image Analysis     

A. Smekens  R. H. M. Godoi  M. Vervoort  P. Van Espen  S. S. Potgieter-Vermaak  R. Van Grieken 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2007,56(3):211-223

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堆石粗粒料颗粒破碎试验研究   总被引：30，自引：0，他引：30  

刘汉龙  秦红玉  高玉峰  周云东 《岩土力学》2005,26(4):562-566

利用室内大型三轴试验,对堆石等粗粒料的颗粒破碎进行了分析。结果表明,颗粒破碎率随围压的增加而增加,呈非线性状态,二者之间的关系可以用双曲线表示。颗粒破碎的增加将导致粗粒料的抗剪强度降低,峰值内摩擦角与颗粒破碎率之间呈幂函数关系,不论颗粒的岩性、强度、大小、形状、级配和初始孔隙比等情况如何,试验资料都落在一个狭窄的区域,如果围压和材料的试验参数已知,则可估计颗粒破碎率。  相似文献   

Morphology of ash aggregates from wet pyroclastic surges of the 1982 eruption of El Chichón Volcano, Mexico     

T. Scolamacchia  J. L. Macías  M. F. Sheridan  S. R. Hughes 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2005,68(2):171-200

The detailed stratigraphic study of the pyroclastic surge units S1, IU, and S3 produced during the most violent phases of the 1982 eruption of El Chichón volcano, contains a complex succession of hydromagmatic events triggered by the interaction of different proportions of magma and external water. Component analyses of the horizons within single units reveal that almost all wet and cohesive horizons contain ash aggregates. Based on their morphology and internal structure four different types of aggregates were distinguished: (a) accretionary lapilli, (b) armored lapilli, (c) irregular aggregates, and (d) cylindrical aggregates. The first three types have been described in the volcanological literature (field and experimental studies); cylindrical forms are reported here for the first time. These hollow cylindrical aggregates consist of concentric layers of crystals and glass fragments set in a finer-grained matrix. They formed around millimeter-size foliage fragments that are locally preserved in the interior of the aggregates as scorched or completely carbonized vestiges. SEM analyses suggest different mechanisms of formation for the four types of aggregates. Irregular aggregates and armored lapilli formed nearly instantaneously, whereas accretionary lapilli and cylindrical aggregates resulted from progressive aggregation of ash in different regions of the eruptive cloud.All types of ash aggregates contain fractured particles. This common feature suggests that particles ruptured during fragmentation prior to the growth of the aggregates. Broken clasts with cracks filled by a fine-grained matrix only occur inside the cylindrical ash aggregates and to a lesser degree in some types of accretionary lapilli. This suggests that small thermal contrasts at the contact of warm particles with the colder fine-grained matrix of the aggregate cause existing small fractures to propagate and open as the already weakened clasts deform slightly. The occurrence of all four types of aggregates in some horizons indicates that several mechanisms of aggregation occurred nearly simultaneously. The pyroclastic clouds therefore were not only stratified in terms of density but the content of fluid phases also were not uniform. A dark-red, Fe-rich amorphous film (locally rich in P and S) envelops the particles and fosters their preservation in the deposits by forming a hard shell. The composition of this cement reflects the abundance of these elements in acid fluids of hydrothermal systems that were intersected by the conduit during the eruption. In distal areas, fallout aggregates were incorporated by dissipating pyroclastic surges.  相似文献   

Light Scattering by Dust Under Microgravity Conditions     

Levasseur-Regourd  A.C.  Cabane  M.  Haudebourg  V.  Worms  J.C. 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1998,80(1-3):343-368

Most of our knowledge on heterogeneous media in the Universe comes from the light they scatter. This light is mainly linearly polarized, and the polarization phase curves contain information about the properties of the scattering dust. In the solar system, the dust seems to be made of irregular aggregates with a size greater than a few microns and a fractal structure. Many constraints appear in the scattering computations, due to the trickiness of the mathematical calculations, and to our ignorance of the precise structure of the dust. This leads to the necessity to perform light scattering measurements on characteristic aggregates, built under low velocity ballistic collisions. Microgravity is a sensible way to achieve such measurements on a cloud of levitating and aggregating dust particles. A first step has been the PROGRA² experiment, which operates during parabolic flights on an aircraft. The instrument is a polar nephelometer measuring successively the light scattered by a dust sample at various angles; it is fully operational, and will provide a data base of polarization phase curves. A second step is the CODAG-SR experiment, which uses the duration of a rocket flight to build up dust aggregates. The instrument measures simultaneously the light scattered at numerous phase angles; it is now space qualified, and should provide in a near future a monitoring of the intensity and polarization phase curves while the aggregation processes are taking place. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

The Influence of Mucous Aggregates on the Microphytobenthic Community in the Northern Adriatic Sea   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Chiara  Welker Paola  Nichetto 《Marine Ecology》1996,17(1-3):473-489

Abstract. An extended reappearance of mumus aggregates in the Northern Adriatic Sea in 1991 gave rise to the hypothesis of a possible influence of the mucus, settled on the bottom, on benthic flora and fauna.
This work investigates the variations in the microphytobenthic community in three stations of the Gulf of Trieste (AA1, AA2, AA3) during 1991, when mucous aggregates were present, and during the two following years, when no such aggregates were observed.
Water samples were collected by N iskin bottle in the bottom layer for nutrient analysis, and sediment samples were collected by divers. The diatom species and cell densities were determined under an inverted microscope. All the data were processed with the aim to evaluate community composition and possible relations with the presence of mucous aggregates in 1991.
The results showed a general decrease of benthic diatoms from 1991 to 1993, both in quality and quantity, for all the investigated sites. Statistical analyses on microphytobenthos, hydrological parameters, and nutrient concentrations indicated differences among the considered years. The microphytobenthic community in summer 1991 appeared to be quite different from those of the other years. The density of benthic diatoms was apparently not correlated with nutrient availability in the bottom layer, but was rather influenced by changes in temperature.
The presence of a dense microphytobenthic community in 1991 might be explained by a combination of adequate conditions related to the presence of mucous aggregates, including a more undisturbed substratum caused by the interruption of dredging, decreased grazing pressure due to a declined filtering capacity of epifauna, and nutrient-rich sediment for extra nutrient disposal remineralized at the mucus-sediment interface. The mucilage aggregates therefore apparently stimulated the microphytobenthic community, in contrast to the effects on the benthic macrofauna, which were perturbed by the mucus.  相似文献   

Aggregate stability and colluviation in the Luxembourg ardennes; an experimental and micromorphological study     

A. C. Imeson  P. D. Jungerius 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1976,1(3):259-271

To obtain a better understanding of the colluvial deposits in two catchments in the Luxembourg Ardennes, structural aggregates from forest and farmland soils were subjected to the impact of falling water drops. The changes that the aggregates underwent and the material eroded from them were studied in thin section. Predictably, forest aggregates were more resistant to water-drop impacts than those from farmland. Farmland aggregates tended to slake upon wetting and to break down into many micro-aggregates having a size-frequency distribution similar to that of the micro-aggregates in the undisturbed soil. The forest aggregates were eroded slowly under water-drop impact, losing material from their surfaces or occasionally shearing into several smaller equally resistant aggregates. The size-frequency distributions of the break-down products differed from the micro-aggregates in the untreated aggregates or original forest soil, probably because of bonding by organic material. The differing composition of the aggregates points to the importance of oriented clay and planes for the lack of stability of the farmland aggregates. It can be concluded that agricultural colluvium is probably largely deposited by processes other than splash and that splash is an important process, but not the only one, in the formation of colluvium under forest.  相似文献   

Physical and chemical properties of soils under some piñon-juniper-oak canopies in a semi-arid ecosystem in New Mexico     

M.K. Shukla  R. Lal  M. Ebinger  C. Meyer 《Journal of Arid Environments》2006,66(4):673-685

Piñon (Pinus edulis)-juniper (Juniperus monosperma)-ecosystems increased substantially in the western USA during the 20th century. Sustainability of these ecosystems primarily depends on soil quality and water availability. This study was undertaken with the objective of assessing the effect of tree species on soil physical quality in a semi-arid region in the western part of Sugarite Canyon, northeast of Raton, Colfax County, NM (37°56′32″N and 104°23′00″W) USA. Three cores and three bulk soil samples were obtained from the site under the canopy of three juniper, Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) and piñon trees for 0–10 and 10–20 cm depths. These samples were analyzed for particle size distribution, soil bulk density (ρ_b), water stable aggregation (WSA), mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates, pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations and stocks. Sand content was greater under juniper (48%) than oak (32%), whereas clay content followed the opposite trend. The ρ_b, WSA, MWD, pH and EC were similar under juniper, piñon, oak canopies for both depths. Estimated (from Philip and Green and Ampt infiltration models) and measured water infiltration parameters did not vary among these sites and were in accord with the values for ρ_b, WSA and MWD. The SOC concentrations and stocks were greater under oak (43.1 Mg ha⁻¹ for 0–10 and 37.5 Mg ha⁻¹ for 10–20 cm depths) than piñon (23.3 Mg ha⁻¹ for 0–10 and 18.5 Mg ha⁻¹ for 10–20 cm depths). The TN concentrations were greater under oak (3.4 g kg⁻¹) than piñon (1.7 g kg⁻¹) for the 0–10 cm depth only. Accumulation of detritus material under tree canopies reduced soil compaction and crusting caused by raindrop impact and increased SOC, and TN concentrations, and water infiltration. Coefficients of variation ranged from low to moderate for most soil properties except infiltration rate at 2.5 h, which was highly variable. Overall, soil quality for each site was good and soil aggregation, water infiltration and SOC concentrations were high, and soil ρ_b was low.  相似文献   

土地利用变化对亚热带山地红壤团聚体有机碳的影响   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  

毛艳玲  杨玉盛  邹双全  陈光水  王国强 《山地学报》2007,25(6):706-713

研究土地利用变化对土壤团聚体有机碳的影响。对福建省建瓯市山地红壤的农业利用(坡耕地、茶园、桔园)、林业利用(杉木、木荷、封育)不同土层(0~10 cm、10~20 cm)土壤团聚体有机碳含量与有机碳贮量进行研究。结果表明:不同土地利用方式土壤团聚体呈现粒径越小,有机碳含量越高的规律,其中木荷有机碳含量最高,茶园最小。林地随着粒径增加,土壤团聚体碳贮量呈增加的趋势,>2 mm团聚体有机碳贮量最高。土壤总有机碳增加主要受到大团聚体有机碳增加的影响。亚热带山地红壤内林地开垦为农业用地导致土壤及其团聚体中有机碳大幅度下降。  相似文献   

Infiltration through series of soil aggregates: Neutron radiography and modeling     

A. Carminati  A. Kaestner  R. Hassanein  O. Ippisch  P. Vontobel  H. Flühler 《Advances in water resources》2007

Soils are often structured as fine-porous aggregates separated by large inter-aggregate pores. Under unsaturated conditions, water is mostly stored in the aggregates and water flow depends on the properties of the aggregates as well as on those of the contacts between aggregates. The goal of this study is to model and evaluate the hydraulic properties of the contacts. We used neutron radiography to monitor the infiltration of water through series of aggregates. The flow process was numerically simulated by considering the hydraulically conducting contact area between aggregates as a variable that depends on the capillary pressure. This contact area was evaluated by matching the observed and simulated water flow across aggregates. We determined the conductivity of the contacts assuming that it scales with the contact area. We also measured the equivalent conductivity of series of aggregates. We found that during drainage the hydraulically conducting contact area drastically decreases and the conductivity of the contacts becomes much smaller than that of the aggregates. We also found that the equivalent conductivity of the aggregate series decreases as the conductivity of the contacts. We concluded that the contacts control the flow: they are highly conductive when wet, but act as bottle-necks under drained conditions. The abrupt transition between these two limiting cases indicates that the contact region is more rapidly drained than the aggregate interior. Our findings might be extended to describe water transfer to an evaporating boundary, infiltration and storage of water in unsaturated aggregated soils.  相似文献