庐枞火山岩盆地正长岩与水反应动力学实验研究     

张雪彤  张荣华  胡书敏 《岩石学报》2017,33(10):3319-3331

为了模拟庐枞火山盆地基底的水热反应和正长辉长岩-二长岩-正长岩与水相互作用,深入剖析深部流体携带金属来源的可能性,本文利用开放流动体系的叠层流动反应器实验研究25~435℃、23~35MPa条件下二长岩-正长岩与水相互作用的化学动力学过程。研究表明,造岩元素、成矿元素和痕迹元素,在低温至水临界态的升温过程中溶解产物在水中的浓度(或溶解速率)不断变化,它们的最大溶解速率出现在不同温度。主要元素Si、Al等最大溶解速率出现在300~400℃范围,即,在跨越水的临界温度时出现溶解速率的涨落。或者说,正长岩-H2O体系中元素的溶解速率主要是温度的函数,此外,压力也对大部分元素的溶解速率产生影响,但是,对于各元素溶解速率随温度而变化的基本规律影响不大。实验重要的发现:相当于中地壳的温度即300~400℃时反应很特殊。硅酸盐矿物的硅被强烈溶失和矿物岩石会垮塌。实验表明:相当于中地壳温度(300~400℃)发生的二长正长岩与水相互作用对庐枞火山盆地深部矿床形成产生重要影响。长期的含金属流体活动造成了金属矿石的形成。水/岩反应动力学过程的温度因素:不同金属元素的最容易溶解和沉淀温度的区别导致了金属-蚀变分带性。实验还揭示,纯水与二长正长岩的反应可以淋滤出大量有色金属元素,在溶液的浓度可以到几百×10~(-9),如Ni、Mn、Cu、Zn,它们从二长正长岩里被溶解释放速率也很高。以往,研究表明火山盆地铁矿的物质来源于围岩。这次实验研究显示:水与二长正长岩的反应同样影响着盆地金属矿的形成和盆地深部、上中地壳的流体性质。实验对于理解上中地壳发生的水岩相互作用也有普适性意义。  相似文献   

Scour holes and ripples occur below the hydraulic smooth to rough transition of movable beds          下载免费PDF全文

Maarten G. Kleinhans  Jasper R. F. W. Leuven  Lisanne Braat  Anne Baar 《Sedimentology》2017,64(5):1381-1401

Scour holes often form in shallow flows over sand on the beach and in morphodynamic scale experiments of river reaches, deltas and estuarine landscapes. The scour holes are on average 2 cm deep and 5 cm long, regardless of the flow depth and appear to occur under similar conditions as current ripples: at low boundary Reynolds numbers, in fine sand and under relatively low sediment mobility. In landscape experiments, where the flow is only about 1 cm deep, such scours may be unrealistically large and have unnatural effects on channel formation, bar pattern and stratigraphy. This study tests the hypotheses that both scours and ripples occur in the same conditions and that the roughness added by sediment saltation explains the difference between the ripple–dune transition and the clear‐water hydraulic smooth to rough transition. About 500 experiments are presented with a range of sediment types, sediment mobility and obstructions to provoke scour holes, or removal thereof to assess scour hole persistence. Most experiments confirm that ripples and scour holes both form in the ripple stability field in two different bedform stability diagrams. The experiments also show that scours can be provoked by perturbations even below generalized sediment motion. Moreover, the hydraulic smooth to rough transition modified with saltation roughness depending on sediment mobility was similar in magnitude and in slope to ripple–dune transitions. Given uncertainties in saltation relations, the smooth to rough transitions modified for movable beds are empirically equivalent to the ripple–dune transitions. These results are in agreement with the hypothesis that scours form by turbulence caused by localized flow separation under low boundary Reynolds numbers, and do not form under generalized flow separation over coarser particles and intense sediment saltation. Furthermore, this suggests that ripples are a superposition of two independent forms: periodic bedforms occurring in smooth and rough conditions plus aperiodic scours occurring only in hydraulic smooth conditions.  相似文献   

基于局域化EnKF同时同化地下水水流和溶质运移数据的渗透系数场识别研究          下载免费PDF全文

曹少华  崔凯鹏  蒋建国  吴吉春 《高校地质学报》2018,24(5):769

局域化改进集合卡尔曼滤波（EnKF）可以克服EnKF方法在使用小集合时,对参数识别精度较低的缺陷,其能同化 地下水位观测数据有效识别渗透系数场。实际工作中,溶质运移数据也较容易获得。崔凯鹏（2013）尝试增加溶质运移 数据以改进只同化水流数据对渗透系数的估计结果,但是精度提高有限。本文在其基础上修改模型,进一步增加溶质注 入井,探究同时同化水头和溶质运移数据,对渗透系数场识别效果,之后对比了局域化EnKF与非局域化EnKF参数识别结 果,并分析了溶质影响范围与参数识别的关系。结果表明：同时同化溶质运移和水头资料,比同化单一种类观测数据识别 的渗透系数精度更高;相同实现数目下,局域化EnKF比EnKF对渗透系数场的估计结果与真实场更为接近;仅考虑溶质影 响范围内的渗透系数,同化水头数据在最后时刻参数识别结果好于同化溶质运移数据参数识别结果,但差别不大。  相似文献   

周期性层状介质中超声波传播的实验研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

杨晓松  马瑾  刘力强 《地震地质》2004,26(3):484-491

实验研究了韵律层结构和超声波探测频率对弹性波波速和波形的影响。实验中所使用的超声波频率为 2 4 0kHz ,韵律层由不同厚度的钢板和有机玻璃板构成。研究表明 ,当λi/di<4 (i=1 ,2 ) (λi 为超声波在介质i中传播时的波长 ,di 为韵律层中介质i的厚度 )时 ,韵律层的波速近似等于 2种介质的时间平均速度 ;当λi/di>5 (i=1 ,2 )时 ,其速度开始显著地降低 ,并趋向于有效介质波速的Reuss下限 (VRp)。韵律层的结构对于透射波的波形有显著的影响。特别是当λi/di 接近于 6时 ,透射波波形非常简单 ,并且其透射波的振幅显著地降低。因此波形简单并不一定对应着简单的介质结构。由于弹性波在韵律层中的传播速度以及波形与探测频率有关 ,因此在利用地震测深结果分析岩石圈结构 ,推断其物质组成时应该充分考虑地震测深频率和地壳结构对分析结果的影响  相似文献   

BOOK REVIEWS     

《The Professional geographer》1987,39(1):94-129

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.  相似文献   

Discussion of trace metals in the waters of a partially-mixed estuary     

Maurice Rattray  Charles B. Officer 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1981,12(3):251-266

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Air-flow geometry in air sparging of fine-grained sands   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J. Peterson  K. Murray  Y. Tulu  B. Peuler  D. Wilkens 《Hydrogeology Journal》2001,9(2):168-176

Laboratory visualization experiments in fine- to very fine-grained sands (grain diameter <0.21 mm) reveal a previously unrecognized air-flow geometry. This air-flow geometry is termed "chamber flow" and is characterized by: (1) a significant horizontal component, (2) pervasive air-flow coverage within a region demarcated by a distinct, irregular boundary, and (3) the presence of predominantly vertical inlet and outlet channels. The attributes of chamber flow differ significantly from channelized flow and pervasive/bubbly flow, which occur at larger grain sizes and have been described in the literature by several researchers. Previous research, which indicates a dramatic increase in contaminant removal time in sediments <0.2 mm, indirectly corroborates the phenomena observed in this study. The extent of sediment column affected by chamber flow of sparge air ranges from 4–54% on an area basis, and is approximately 28% on a volume basis. These values indicate that chamber air flow has the potential to affect a much larger percentage of the sediment column than either channelized or pervasive/bubbly flow. Because of the irregularity of air-flow chambers, in terms of both form and frequency, a detailed knowledge of stratigraphy is important to maximize air-sparging efficiency at sites where chamber flow is likely to occur. Electronic Publication  相似文献   

包含“开关”变量的MM5四维变分资料同化系统   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

王栋梁  沈桐立 《气象科学》2003,23(4):426-434

数值模式中的湿物理过程对于模拟各种尺度的天气现象非常重要,但它会使得模式方程的状态变量不连续,这种不连续在模式程序中表现为“开关”变量。本文对包括Kuo降水参数化方案的非静力中尺度数值模式MM5的四维变分资料同化系统进行研究,利用对实际降水的模拟,比较详细地讨论了有关的“开关”变量以及切向线性化和伴随问题。结果表明：对于一个离散的数值模式,保持“开关”变量与基态一致,用伴随码方法构造的伴随模式计算的梯度值能够为最小化过程提供较好的下降方向;Kuo方案中对流每隔一个积分步的交替发生并不影响目标函数最小化的收敛速度;“开关”变量的存在也不影响将风、温度、气压和比湿结合起来同化对MM5降水预报准确性的提高。  相似文献   

Laboratory testing of coupled hydro-mechanical processes during rock deformation   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

Juliane?HeilandEmail author 《Hydrogeology Journal》2003,11(1):122-141

This paper gives an overview of the published literature on laboratory testing of the stress dependence of rock-permeability. Additionally results of personal research on the stress dependence of the permeability of a low-porosity sandstone are presented. Stress-dependent permeability is examined in the laboratory under different stress fields and stress paths, depending on the intended application of the research. The most commonly applied stress paths are hydrostatic compression, triaxial compression, uniaxial strain conditions, and testing under a constant stress path. The published results of several studies on different rock types under one or more of the mentioned stress conditions are described and compared. A general trend of permeability evolution under hydrostatic and triaxial conditions can be established for sandstones and some crystalline rocks such as granite or rocksalt. For uniaxial strain tests and stress path tests the published results are limited to a few rock types (mainly sandstones). Therefore, a general conclusion for the stress dependence of permeability under these conditions is not possible. Electronic Publication  相似文献   

PREDICTION OF ANNUAL FREQUENCY OF AFFECTING TROPICAL CYCLONE USING THE PRODUCTS OF A HYBRID COUPLED AIR-SEA MODEL   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

李永平  梁旭东  邓之瀛 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2001,7(1):63-68

Better correlation exists between the activity of tropical cyclones affecting East China and Shanghai and the concurrent signals of SSTA in tropical Pacific. In an attempt to justify this statistic finding, a four-dimensional variational data assimilation system is established to optimize the initial fields of a hybrid air-sea coupled model. The prediction skill of tropical SSTA is improved. Long-term statistical models for predicting annual TC frequency affecting East China area and Shanghai city are developed based on 37-year products of this model and the forecast trials have achieved satisfactory results in 1998 and 1999.  相似文献