Petrographic characteristics and depositional conditions of Eocene coals of platform basins, Meghalaya, India     

Mahendra P. Singh  Alok K. Singh 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2000,42(4)

The coal deposits of Meghalaya occur in the Lakadong Sandstone (25–250 m thick) of Eocene age. The coal-bearing formations are understood to have been deposited over platform areas in estuarine and lagoonal environments and subjected to recurrent marine transgressions and regressions during the Eocene period. There are three major groups of coalfields in Meghalaya, viz. Garo Hills (West Daranggiri and Siju Coalfields), Khasi Hills (Langrin and Mawlong–Shella Coalfields) and minor coalfields (Laitryngew, Cherrapunji and Bapung Coalfields). Pillar coal samples have been collected from 10 seams at 15 locations and have been subjected to a detailed petrographic examination for their characterization. An effort has been made to trace the path of their evolution based on coal petrography-based models. The quantitative petrographic analysis shows that these coals are vitrinite rich (45.0–92.9%, mean 73.4% mmf basis) with low concentration of inertinite (0.0–13.8%, mean 3.0% mmf basis), whereas the liptinite occurs in appreciable concentration (5.5–53.1%, mean 22.5% mmf basis). Further, these coals are rich in vitrite (51.6–100%, mean 78.3% mmf basis). The volatile matter (from 38.5% to 70.0%, d.a.f.) and vitrinite reflectance (Rom from 0.37% to 0.68%) characterize these coals, as per German (DIN) and North American classification, approximately as sub-bituminous ‘C' to high volatile ‘C' bituminous. The occurrence of teleutospore (single, double and triple celled) suggests that these coals have originated from a characteristic Tertiary flora. The maceral and microlithotype composition in the coal petrography-based depositional models suggest that the coals of Garo Hills were formed in reed to open water swamps in telmatic to limnic conditions. The coals of Khasi Hills were dominated by forest swamps and telmatic to limno-telmatic conditions. In addition, the occurrence of large-size resins suggests prolific growth of conifers in the swamps.  相似文献   

沉积盆地动力学与盆地流体成矿   总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12  

刘建明 《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2000,19(2):76-84

沉积盆地实际上是地球动力学系统中一个巨大的动态化学反应器,其所处的地球动力学背景制约着它的边界条件、外部环境及其与外部环境的物质和能量交换。盆地内则是一个由固体无机,有机沉积物颗粒和盆地流体组成的多相反应体系,包括各种流-岩-烃及流-流反应、与有机质成熟演化有关的各种有机反应、在浅部还有细菌参与的生物化学反应。体系的上部边界不断有新沉积物颗粒和流体的加入,下部则有来自基底的流体或来自盆地边缘大气降水的加入循环,同时还有盆地的构造沉降和基底热能的交换,以及可能岩浆物质,能量的加入。沉积物的固结成岩和后生变化,以及其中储存的油气和金属矿床都是这个巨型化学反应器的一部分(并非全部)产物。因此,只有站在盆地动力学的高度,才可能从整体上去认识这些共存的复杂因素和作用过程的耦合关系,才可能从本质上理解有关矿床的形成机理和产出规律。  相似文献   

Sediment export from French rivers to the sea     

Magalie Delmas  Olivier Cerdan  Bruno Cheviron  Jean‐Marie Mouchel  Frederique Eyrolle 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2012,37(7):754-762

Knowledge of sediment exports from continental areas is essential for estimating denudation rates and biogeochemical cycles. However, the estimation of current sediment fluxes to the sea is often limited by the availability and quality of sediment discharge data. This study aims to quantify the relative contributions of French rivers to the sediment discharge to the ocean. Sediment fluxes were assessed using the French river quality database, which is characterized by a low temporal resolution but long‐term measurement periods. An improved rating curve approach (IRCA) using daily discharge data, which allows the estimation of mean annual sediment loads from infrequent sediment concentration data, was used to calculate sediment fluxes. The resulting mean annual sediment loads show that French rivers export c. 16.21 Mt yr^‐1 of sediments to the sea. Among the 88 defined French rivers flowing to the sea, the four largest basins (Loire, Rhone, Garonne and Seine) export 13.2 Mt yr^‐1, which corresponds to 81.3% of total exports. No relationship was found between the mass of exported sediment and the size of the drainage basins. This is due to the variety of river basin typologies among these rivers, including lowland rivers in temperate climates, such as the Seine on the one hand and rivers draining mountainous areas in Alpine/Mediterranean areas on the other hand, such as the Rhone. The latter contributes 60% to the total sediment export for France while its drainage area is only 19% of the total area considered. Differences between the river basins considered are also shown by temporal indicators describing the duration of the exports, which may be linked with sediment production processes over drained areas. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Hydrological modelling of temporally-varying catchments: facets of change and the value of information     

A. Efstratiadis  I. Nalbantis  D. Koutsoyiannis 《水文科学杂志》2015,60(7-8):1438-1461

Abstract

River basins are by definition temporally-varying systems: changes are apparent at every temporal scale, in terms of changing meteorological inputs and catchment characteristics due to inherently uncertain natural processes and anthropogenic interventions. In an operational context, the ultimate goal of hydrological modelling is predicting responses of the basin under conditions that are similar or different to those observed in the past. Since water management studies require that anthropogenic effects are considered known and a long hypothetical period is simulated, the combined use of stochastic models, for generating the inputs, and deterministic models that also represent the human interventions in modified basins, is found to be a powerful approach for providing realistic and statistically consistent simulations (in terms of product moments and correlations, at multiple time scales, and long-term persistence). The proposed framework is investigated on the Ferson Creek basin (USA) that exhibits significantly growing urbanization during the last 30 years. Alternative deterministic modelling options include a lumped water balance model with one time-varying parameter and a semi-distributed scheme based on the concept of hydrological response units. Model inputs and errors are respectively represented through linear and nonlinear stochastic models. The resulting nonlinear stochastic framework maximizes the exploitation of the existing information by taking advantage of the calibration protocol used in this issue.  相似文献   

干旱区内陆河流域中游地区全新世沉积相变与环境变化——以石羊河流域为例     

李育  王岳  张成琦  周雪花  王乃昂 《地理研究》2014,33(10):1866-1880

中国干旱区内陆河流域中游地区分布了大量晚第四纪河、湖相交替的沉积地层,这些沉积物被广泛用于古气候和古环境重建。然而,以往的研究较多关注沉积物的理、化、生指标,而忽略了沉积相变的古环境意义,这可能使古环境重建结果产生偏差。针对这一问题,选取干旱区典型内陆河——石羊河中游地区的JDT全新世沉积剖面,进行年代学、沉积相、岩性和粒度的研究,并与该区域已有的HSH全新世剖面的地球化学和古生物指标进行对比,在分析沉积相的基础上讨论二者的环境代用指标,重建石羊河中游地区全新世的古环境。两个剖面在年代和岩性上具有很好的一致性,指示了石羊河中游地区约8500 cal yr BP-3000 cal yr BP以来的沉积过程。两剖面从底部到上部可分为六层：河流相沉积（F层）——河湖相沉积（E层）——湖相沉积（D层）——浅湖—风成沉积（C层）——风成沉积（B层）——风成沉积（A层）,代表了不同沉积相及其转换过程。综合讨论沉积物岩性、沉积相和各种古环境代用指标认为：石羊河中游地区的沉积相体现了从河流相到湖相再到风成沉积物的变化过程,指示了全新世的干旱化过程。这与以往研究中认为石羊河流域全新世气候变化具有波动性的观点存在一定差异。因此,在研究沉积相变化的基础之上讨论沉积物的物理、化学和生物指标的含义,而非简单地研究这些指标的数值,是干旱区流域性气候变化对比研究的新视角。  相似文献   

前陆盆地的三维挠曲数值模拟: 以怀俄明西南上白垩统研究为例     

Hongjun Luo  Dag Nummedal  Shaofeng Liu 《地学前缘》2010,17(4):128-139

前陆盆地的三维挠曲数值模拟是预测盆地三维格架和关键构造要素分布的强有力工具, 如在预测前隆分布方面(低隆起幅度、大范围分布的前隆很难从地下资料中识别)。为了解释详细地层对比中发现的前隆迁移,对怀俄明西南晚白垩世前陆盆地做了三维挠曲数值模拟。模拟过程中采用弹性地壳模型,并以详细的年代地层资料作为基本的输入数据。挠曲负载的估计来源于公开发表的怀俄明逆冲带的横剖面资料和风河逆冲带的缩短速率。模拟结果表明,由于逆冲负载的分布,前隆只局限分布在盆地的南部。随负载的迁移,前隆随时间向东南方向迁移。由于怀俄明逆冲带和风河逆冲带的相互作用,弹性地壳形成三维“前缘穹隆”而不是二维“前缘隆起”。三维挠曲模拟是理解怀俄明西南晚白垩世前隆迁移的关键。  相似文献   

博尔塔拉河、精河流域绿洲土壤空间异质性研究     

毋兆鹏  金海龙 《中国沙漠》2010,30(1):120-127

对博尔塔拉河、精河流域绿洲土壤的理化性状进行了分析,认为该区土壤肥力整体水平并不高,并且较20 a前普遍有所下降。之后,用Kriging进行插值,对研究区土壤综合肥力分布的规律进行了研究,结果表明,东南方向上土壤的综合肥力较高,西北方向上土壤的综合肥力较低。然后,利用灰色方法找寻了导致研究区土壤异质性的驱动因子,年蒸发量与灾害性天气日数是首要的自然驱动力,耕地面积和化肥施用量则是人文驱动力,并且以人文因素驱动作用占主导。  相似文献   

An alternative tectonic model for the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone     

LIU XiaoHan  JU YiTai  WEI LiJie & LI GuangWei Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research  Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing  China  Mineral Resource Institute of China Metallurgical Geology Bureau  Beijing 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2010,(1)

The new field investigations along the Yarlung Zangbo ophiolites zone show that these series underwent low green-schist metamorphism and were then fractured and occurred as slabs in tectonic melanges,without regional tectonic polarity.No large shear zone in north-south direction has been identified between ophiolite bodies and flysch layers on both side and a conformable contact relationship can be observed locally between them.A great mass of tectonic mélange has been substantiated as submarine olistolith ...  相似文献   

模型多参数灵敏度与不确定性分析   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

王纲胜  夏军  陈军锋 《地理研究》2010,29(2):263-270

以潮白河为研究区域,探讨了与模型参数及模型模拟性能有关的多参数灵敏度及不确定性分析方法(Multi-Parameter Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis, MPSUA)。基于Monte Carlo模拟的多参数灵敏度分析,可以评价模型中多个参数的相对重要性。GLUE不确定性分析则能对模型性能进行量化评估。实例研究表明,通过MPSUA方法,可以减少优化参数的个数。而且,在没有对模型进行参数优化之前,基于MPSUA就可以确定模型的模拟精度。例如同样的模型在潮河可以获得比在白河更高的模拟精度。这种同一模型在不同流域所体现的差异性,一方面是源于模型结构本身的不完善,另一方面则与用于建模的数据误差有关。SCE-UA参数优化结果与MPSUA结果几乎一致,说明本文的参数灵敏度与模型总体性能评估方法比较合理。  相似文献   

东帕米尔及邻区古生界基性火山岩地球化学特征与构造属性   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

丁道桂  刘伟新  王道轩  孙世群 《新疆地质》2003,21(1):96-102

西昆仑山库地、乌依塔格地区的超铁镁质岩及基性火山岩的岩石化学、微量元素、稀土元素特征表明：在震旦－早古生代时期塔里木板块南部的被动陆缘上存在一个扩张规模有限的边缘海洋盆;而在喀喇昆仑山南带的明铁盖地区下二叠统的深海相的硅质岩、纹泥岩、滑塌堆积物及基性火山岩岩石化学、微量、稀元素特征表明,是属于塔里木板块南部活动大陆边缘上的弧后盆地,陆壳的增生是以软碰撞的方式实现的。  相似文献