Dunefield Activity and Interactions with Climatic Variability in the Southwest Kalahari Desert     

J. E. Bullard  D. S. G. Thomas  I. Livingstone  G. S. F. Wiggs 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1997,22(2):165-174

An analysis is undertaken of the temporal variability of climatic parameters that influence dunefield aeolian activity. Data from seven meteorological stations in the southwestern Kalahari Desert are used, spanning the period 1960–1992. Erosivity is considered through analysis of wind data, and erodibility through analysis of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, which together influence dune surface plant growth. The data are integrated using Lancaster's ‘mobility’ index which provides a measure of potential dune surface sand transport. This is renamed ‘potential dune surface activity index’, to reflect the actual characteristic that is measured. The subsequent analysis indicates that dunefield activity is episodic and temporally variable, that both erosivity and erodibility vary through time, and that present levels of activity cannot be characterized by a single simple state. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

CORRELATIONS BETWEEN DEM-DERIVED TOPOGRAPHIC INDICES AND REMOTELY-SENSED VEGETATION COVER IN RANGELANDS     

G. PICKUP  V. H. CHEWINGS 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1996,21(6):517-529

The paper describes an attempt to relate patterns of vegetation cover with topography and a set of biological and grazing intensity variables in a mountain and piedmont area of arid central Australia. Vegetation cover, as measured by an index based on data from the Landsat satellite, can also be used as an erosion/deposition surrogate so the results have implications for distributed erosion models. A simple, analytically based erosion model derived from the continuity equation does not reproduce observed patterns of vegetation cover, and neither do various topographically based moisture indices. A regression approach shows that patterns of vegetation cover are related to topography but the most important predictors are biological ones, with percentage of bare ground upslope being the strongest. Tests with variable drainage area show that relationships between cover and topography, bare area upslope and grazing effects change systematically with basin size and that scale effects are present. Distributed erosion models are not yet capable of handling biological processes very well, yet these processes must be incorporated if erosion prediction is to be successful.  相似文献   

基于波形不对称性的波浪破碎指标     

于洋  李玉成  杨建民 《海洋工程》2006,24(2):89-94

为了探寻波浪破碎与波形不对称性的关系,通过对1/200缓坡上波浪破碎实验研究结果的进一步分析,运用最小二乘法,拟合了波形不对称性参数与相对水深的关系,以及用波形不对称性参数表示的波浪破碎指标表达式。所得规则波的结果与Kjeldsen的深水波结果相同,而不规则波的结果比规则波的小。研究还表明,这一破碎指标与相对水深有关系,随着水深变浅,指标值增大。  相似文献   

Effects of grain size distribution on mineralogical and chemical compositions: a case study from size‐fractional sediments of the Huanghe (Yellow River) and Changjiang (Yangtze River)     

Xiaojing Zhou  Anchun Li  Fuqing Jiang  Jian Lu 《Geological Journal》2015,50(4):414-433

The influence of hydrodynamics on the chemical composition of sediments is based on the uneven distribution of element abundances in different size fractions. In this study, 72 size‐fractional sediments from the Huanghe (Yellow River) and Changjiang (Yangtze River) riverbeds were measured with XRD, SEM, ICP‐AES and ICP‐MS. The analysis results show that the mineral and chemical characteristics change with grain size in the Huanghe and Changjiang sediments. According to the principal components analysis, three independent geochemical factors were found. The first factor elements, Zr, Hf, Th, U, Y, La and TiO₂ are influenced by the existence of heavy minerals. The second factor elements, Al₂O₃, alkalis, alkaline earth (excluding Ca and Sr) and most of the transitional metals are dominated by clay minerals. The third factor group includes Ca and Sr, which were controlled by calcium‐bearing mineral contents and chemical weathering intensities. The various grain size distributions greatly affect the mineralogical and chemical compositions of bulk sediments. Compared to other size fractions, the 5–6PHI size fractions of the Huanghe and Changjiang sediments have special mineralogical and chemical compositions, and intermediate volume percentages. Weight or volume percentage of each size fraction may be more suitable than mean grain‐size of the bulk sediment to elucidate the grain size effects. Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) values increase steeply with decreasing grain size, while Weathering Index of Parker (WIP) values are relatively stable. Because of the big influence of the abundance of clay minerals on CIA values, it is questionable to use CIA as a proxy of weathering intensity. Considering the clay mineral effects, stability in values and heterogeneous material properties, WIP has the potential to indicate the chemical weathering intensity of sediments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

海洋生态系统健康评价的底栖生物指数法研究进展   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

罗先香  杨建强 《海洋通报》2009,28(3)

海洋大型底栖无脊椎动物能对自然和人为活动导致的水和沉积物质量变化做出可预测的响应,因此利用底栖生物作为海洋生态环境监测的生物指标和进行系统健康度量的生物指数已经得到了广泛的认可.本文比较分析了几种常用的和正在发展的海洋生态系统健康和生态环境质量状况评估的底栖生物指数,包括指示生物法、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、BI指数、AMBI指数和Bentix指数,总结了这几种生物指数的应用和特性,探讨了底栖生物指数在实际应用中可能存在的问题和解决的办法,以期为我国海洋生态系统健康评估工作提供参考.  相似文献   

估算混合植被叶绿素含量的理想波段分析   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

高彦华  陈良富  周旭  李丽  柳钦火  田国良 《遥感学报》2009,13(4):623-638

应用Lopex数据库评价了19个波谱指数对物种的敏感性, 分析了叶绿素含量与波谱反射率以及波谱导数的相关性, 目的在于探寻对叶绿素含量变化的敏感性, 对物种和叶片结构变化不敏感的理想波段, 应用大尺度遥感数据估算混合植被冠层叶绿素含量。分析结果表明：红边指数对混合植被的叶绿素含量具有较好的指示作用；估算冠层叶绿素含量的理想波段为698—710nm附近较窄的波段范围；对于波谱导数, 估算混合植被叶绿素含量的理想波段范围为720—735nm和535—550nm附近波谱导数。  相似文献   

南亚和东亚热带夏季风强弱不同配置及其对中国夏季降水的影响北大核心          下载免费PDF全文

顾元华  郭品文  胡景高  郭栋 《气象科学》2023,43(1):15-24

利用NOAA向外长波辐射(OLR)、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和CN05.1降水资料,研究了南亚和东亚热带夏季风强度年际变化关系,及其强弱不同配置对中国夏季降水的影响。结果表明:南亚和东亚热带夏季风强度变化之间存在同相和反相两种配置,定义的强度同相和反相变化指数可以很好地表征该关系。同相变化模态可能与海温异常时的强El Nino(La Nina)影响有关,其反相变化模态受El Nino(La Nina)以及印度洋海盆一致模的影响,同时西太平洋副热带高压和伊朗高压位置东西偏移和强度变化也影响着不同配置的出现。两者不同配置时,对中国夏季降水的影响不同。当变化呈同相偏强时,夏季中国东部地区降水为“中间少南北多”的雨型。当变化呈反相,东亚热带夏季风偏强南亚夏季风偏弱时,夏季中国东部地区降水为“一致偏少”雨型。  相似文献   

太原雷暴大风潜势预报方法研究          下载免费PDF全文

蔡晓芳  周晋红  李佳霖  李树文  刘圆渊 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2022,16(4):14-21

利用太原市7个国家观测站实况、探空以及MICAPS等资料，对1998—2018年5—9月太原的雷暴大风进行天气学分型，选取雷暴大风的消空因子以及不同天气型下的预报因子并确定其阈值，利用指标叠套法，建立雷暴大风潜势预报方法，并进行预报检验。结果表明：(1)选取700 hPa温度露点差、850 hPa与500 hPa的温差、条件性稳定度指数和混合相层4个环境参数作为消空因子并确定了消空阈值。（2）将雷暴大风分为高空槽型、冷涡型、切变线型、西北气流型和副高边缘型5类，选取了5类天气型下雷暴大风的预报因子，利用指标叠套法，建立了太原雷暴大风潜势预报方法。(3)运用雷暴大风潜势预报方法开展历史样本回报检验和2019-2020年试预报检验，取得了较好的预报效果。  相似文献   

四种气象干旱指数在新疆区域适用性研究          下载免费PDF全文

郭冬  吐尔逊·哈斯木  吴秀兰  张同文  王兆鹏  如先古丽·阿不都热合曼  阿依姆古丽·赛麦提 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2022,16(3):90-101

利用降水量距平百分率(PA)、标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)、自适应帕默尔干旱指数(scPDSI)和气象干旱综合指数(MCI)四种气象干旱指数，进行变化趋势、相关性和干旱频率的分析，并与历史灾情进行对比，来研究1961—2020年新疆不同区域干旱指数适用性。结果表明，scPDSI和MCI指数显著上升，干旱程度呈减轻趋势，其干旱监测结果一致率高。PA指数变化趋势均平稳，但与其他三种干旱指数在全频域和高频域干旱监测结果一致率较好。SPEI指数在东疆和南疆东部区域显著下降，干旱程度呈加重趋势，与其它三种指数低频域干旱监测结果存在显著负相关。干旱频率分析结果显示，PA指数的特旱等级判定存在异常情况，特别是南疆和东疆。与历史灾情对比结果显示，MCI指数是对干旱灾害反映最好的。总体上，MCI指数在新疆地区的适用性要优于其它三种干旱指数。近60年来，全疆不同区域的MCI指数均呈上升趋势，各区域的干旱程度均有所减轻。空间上，新疆西北部发生干旱显著比南疆和东疆区域概率大。全疆不同区域在1962—1967年、1974—1977年、1989—1991年、1997年、2020年均发生干旱，并且主要集中在春夏两季较多，其中北疆西部和伊犁河谷区域易出现干旱灾情。  相似文献