COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON NITROGEN BUDGETS OF CLOSED SHRIMP POLYCULTURE SYSTEMS＂     

齐振雄李德尚  张曼平董双林 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2001,19(3):233-242

April to October, 1997 comparative studios on the nitrogen budgets of closed shrimp polyculture systems showed that, in all the studied polyculture systems, nitrogen from feeds and fertilizers were the main input items, which comprised 70.7% - 83.9% of the total input nitrogen, 3.2% - 7.4% of which was provided by nitrogen fixation. It was in monoculture enclosures (Y-4, Y-11 and Y-12) that the percentage reached the maximum value. The output nitrogen in harvested products comprised 10.8% - 24.6% of total input nitrogen, and the highest percentage, 24.6%, was found in shrimp-fish-tagelus polyculture systems. In shrimp monoculture and shrimp-fish polyculture systems, they were 19.1% and 21.9%, respectively. The nitrogen utilization efficiency was different and varied from 12.2% to 20.1%. The highest, 20.1%, was found in shrimp-fish-tagelus polycultttre systems, and the average of 20.0% was found in shrimp-tagelus polyculture systems. The lowest, 12.2%, was found in shrimp monoculture systems.All the nitrogen utilization efficiencies in shrimp-fish systems or shrimp-scallop systems seemed to be higher than that of the monoculture system, but they showed little statistical difference. The main outputs of nitrngen were found in sediment mud, and comprised 48.2% -60.8% of the total input, the lowest percentage was found in shrimp-fish-tagelus polyculture systems, and the highost percentage in shrimp-scallop systems.During the experiment, nitrogen lost through denitrification and ammonia volatilization comprised 1.9% - 6.2%, averaged 2.8%, of the total input, and the loss through seepage comprised 5.9% - 8.9% of the total.The estimated nitrogen attached to the enclosure wall comprised 3.7% - 13.3% of the total, and was highest in shrimp monoculture systems. Compared with the classic shrimp farming industry, the closed shrimp polycul-ture systems may improve the nitrogen utilization efficiency, and hence reduce the environmental impacts on coastal waters. The nitrogen discharging rates for all the studied polyculture systems ranged from 3.0% to 6.0% of total input nitrogen.  相似文献   

现代盐湖钻探工艺技术综述     

张庆海 《青海国土经略》1994,(1)

针对水溶性或液态盐类矿产的取心(采取率、完整度、代表性)或取样、护壁、高承压卤水地层近平衡钻进等主要技术问题,本文以翔实的实践与科研攻关资料,进行了较全面的论述,并确立了一套独具一格的固、液兼顾以液矿为主的盐类矿产的勘探施工方法。  相似文献   

美国Culberson重晶石-硫磺矿中流体包裹体的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

卢焕章 《岩石学报》2006,22(2):485-490

Culberson自然硫-重晶石矿床位于美国德克萨斯州的Delaware油气盆地中,是北美最大的自然硫矿床。它产在晚二叠世Ochoan期的Castile组和Salado组的石灰宕夹薄层蒸发岩和有机质灰岩中,重晶石和自然硫是后生的,常交代这两个组地层中的蒸发岩和富含有机质的灰岩,并填充在古喀斯特中。流体包裹体的研究表明：有两个世代的包裹体,即成岩时和方解石后生加大和重晶石中捕获的石油包裹体和流体包裹体。按包裹体的成分和相态可分为一相液体包裹体、二相气液体包裹体和油气包裹体。研究表明,在方解石、重晶石和天青石的同一生长带中可见到含有不同气液比的流体包裹体、空的包裹体和油气包裹体,它们是在一个不混溶的环境中捕获的,因而其均一温度的测定并不可靠。流体包裹体的T_e在-18℃～-24℃之间,属于NaCl- H_2O体系,盐度为2%～10%。有许多油气包裹体,因而其成矿流体应是一个温度小于100℃的油田水．  相似文献   

柴达木盆地西部卤水特征及成因探讨   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15  

樊启顺  马海州  谭红兵  许建新  李廷伟 《地球化学》2007,36(6):601-611

柴达木盆地自中生代末-新生代初以来,四周山体不断抬升,形成"高山深盆"的沉积环境,为盆地带来了大量盐类物质,再加上新近纪干旱封闭的气候环境,使得其西部沉积了广阔而厚层的岩盐.在对柴达木盆地西部新近系、第四系地层出露盐矿点实地考察的过程中,采集、分析了18件卤水样品的水化学组成.结果表明,卤水矿化度高,油田卤水富B3 、Li 、Sr2 和Br-等有益组分,其前缘第四纪形成的盐湖也有大量K 资源分布.通过离子含量及水化学特征系数,查明了卤水的水化学类型主要为氯化物型和硫酸镁亚型,地表浅层卤水富Mg2 、SO24-贫Ca2 ,而油田卤水富Ca2 ,贫Mg2 、SO24-.反映了油田卤水具有深部CaCl2型水体的特征,这种富Ca2 的卤水可能与白云岩化作用使卤水中的Ca2 增加而Mg2 减少,以及硫酸盐的还原作用使SO24-减少有关;地表浅层卤水接近青海湖湖水蒸发线,说明盆地卤水主要是由大气降水汇聚蒸发形成.通过卤水氢氧同位素的分析,发现卤水明显偏离于大气降水线,发生了明显的"氧同位素正漂移"现象,且卤水演化趋势线和当地大气降水线的交点与周围山体前缘的盐泉水的氢氧同位素值相近,地表浅层卤水主要分布在大气降水线附近,而油田卤水集中分布在变质水的范围内.说明地表浅层卤水主要是由大气降水汇聚而形成的;而深部油田卤水推测基本上来源于冰雪融水或雨水补给,这些冰雪融水或雨水沿着断裂带下渗,在迁移的途中发生了变质作用和深部地热水体掺杂作用,形成了深部油田卤水.  相似文献   

Factors controlling the configuration of the fresh–saline water interface in the Dead Sea coastal aquifers: synthesis of TDEM surveys and numerical groundwater modeling     

Y. Yechieli  U. Kafri  M. Goldman  C. Voss 《Hydrogeology Journal》2001,9(4):367-377

TDEM (time domain electromagnetic) traverses in the Dead Sea (DS) coastal aquifer help to delineate the configuration of the interrelated fresh-water and brine bodies and the interface in between. A good linear correlation exists between the logarithm of TDEM resistivity and the chloride concentration of groundwater, mostly in the higher salinity range, close to that of the DS brine. In this range, salinity is the most important factor controlling resistivity. The configuration of the fresh–saline water interface is dictated by the hydraulic gradient, which is controlled by a number of hydrological factors. Three types of irregularities in the configuration of fresh-water and saline-water bodies were observed in the study area: 1. Fresh-water aquifers underlying more saline ones ("Reversal") in a multi-aquifer system. 2. "Reversal" and irregular residual saline-water bodies related to historical, frequently fluctuating DS base level and respective interfaces, which have not undergone complete flushing. A rough estimate of flushing rates may be obtained based on knowledge of the above fluctuations. The occurrence of salt beds is also a factor affecting the interface configuration. 3. The interface steepens towards and adjacent to the DS Rift fault zone. Simulation analysis with a numerical, variable-density flow model, using the US Geological Survey's SUTRA code, indicates that interface steepening may result from a steep water-level gradient across the zone, possibly due to a low hydraulic conductivity in the immediate vicinity of the fault. Electronic Publication  相似文献   

The sedimentary and geochemical record of Neogene-Quaternary water bodies in the Dead Sea Basin - inferences for the regional paleoclimatic history     

Mordechai Stein 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2001,26(3):271-282

Several waterbodies occupied the tectonic depressions along the Dead Sea transform during the NeogeneQuaternary. The earliest of these water bodies was the marine Sedom lagoon, which produced the SedomDead Sea brine. After the disconnection of the Sedom lagoon from the open sea several lakes were developed in the Dead Sea basinJordan Valley. Lake Amora (Samra) that existed from early to late Pleistocene, Lake Lisan (~ 70–15 kyr B.P.), and the Holocene Dead Sea. The lacustrine water bodies in the Dead Sea basin behave as amplifier lakes whose size and depth reflect the changing climatic conditions in the region. Lake level and limnological conditions of Lake Amora are not yet known, nevertheless, the lake probably extended over a large part of the Dead Sea basin-Jordan Valley. Lake Lisan level changed between ~ 330 and ~ 150 meters below sea level (m b.s.l.). Its maximum elevation was reached at ~ 27–23 kyr B.P. during marine isotope stage 2. Its minimum elevation was reached at ~ 47–43 kyr during marine isotope stage 3. Lake Lisan began to recede at ~ 17–15 kyr B.P. and at 12–11 kyr B.P. the postLisan water body declined to its minimum level. During most of the Holocene the lake (paleoDead Sea) stabilized at ~ 400 m b.s.l.The limnological evolution of water bodies in the Dead Sea basin reflects the climatic conditions in the region during the late Pleistocene, which fluctuated between wetter and drier periods. During Lisan time these fluctuations appear to be modulated by the cold and warm cycles, respectively in the northern Hemisphere. This relation is less obvious in the postLisan water body, where the strongest lake drop appears to occur during the Younger Dryas cold event.  相似文献   

高位虾池底质重金属富集特性及污染、生态风险评价     

王子爱  唐少霞  傅雨萱  郑苗  吴丹  陈珂珂  戴文博 《热带地理》2021,41(1):136-146

为研究高位虾池养殖导致的环境影响,用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪ICP-MS（Agilent7700x型）对海口市东营镇3种类型养殖虾池及其外围沟渠底质中的Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb质量分数进行检测,用Vario TOC对底质中的TN（总氮）和TOC（有机碳）质量分数进行检测,并对所检测的数值采用单因子污染指数、地积累指数和综合潜在生态风险指数等方法进行分析及评价。结果表明：1）未清洗的虾池底质重金属质量分数呈现L1层向L4层明显递增的规律;2）虾池L1层底质中Cd呈现明显的累积（污染）现象,其质量分数是海南省土壤背景值5.47~35.18倍;3）地积累指数（I_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{o}}）的评价表明,各样地底质中均有2种及以上重金属达到轻度—中等及以上污染程度;4）综合潜在生态风险指数（RI）结果表明,底质RI范围值为176.97~1 090.87,各样地综合潜在生态风险程度均达到中等及以上生态风险,其中Cd是主要的贡献因子;5）Pearson相关分析显示,虾池底质中的饵料残留物及对虾排泄物所含的Cr、Ni、Cu、As、Cd、TOC相互之间具有极显著相关性,相关系数高达0.9以上,表明农户所使用的饵料不同程度地含有以上重金属,同时有机碳是影响底质中重金属富集的重要因素。  相似文献   

柴达木盆地南翼山油田卤水水化学及氢氧同位素地球化学特征          下载免费PDF全文

徐凯  许建新  常政  韩积斌  李阳山  高雪峰  赵为永 《盐湖研究》2021,29(4):43-51

南翼山油田卤水是钾钙硼等元素的富集区,具有较高的开采利用价值。开发利用油田卤水,需要对其演化过程有较深入的研究。采用地层岩性与水化学特征及氢氧同位素地球化学特征相结合的方法,对南翼山油田卤水的形成与演化过程进行探讨,得到初步结论:南翼山油田卤水水化学类型主要为氯化钙型,具有高矿化度、高钙、低镁和低硫酸根的特点。油田卤水起源于大气降水,下渗过程中溶滤第三系岩盐沉积物,经过一系列水岩相互作用,并与深部地热水、岩浆水混合,最终形成现在的水体。  相似文献   

Li-Na-K-Mg-Ca-Sr-Cl-H₂O七元体系多温相平衡性质的热力学模拟研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

雷锦顺  李东东  庄子宇  曾德文  李武  高丹丹 《盐湖研究》2021,29(3):17-37

地下卤水中普遍存在较高浓度的锶(1 g/L),研究该类卤水中锶的成盐规律对于资源综合利用具有重要的指导意义。采用Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg超额Gibbs自由能方程和CALPHAD方法构建了Li-Na-K-Mg-Ca-Sr-Cl-H_2O体系的多温相平衡热力学模型,确定了5个含氯化锶三元子体系的多温混合参数。在广泛的温度范围内(273.15 K～373.15 K),模型计算结果与大多数实验结果基本一致,但对于一些体系,模型预测的平衡固相和相区大小仍与实验结果之间存在显著差异;实验数据的离散和匮乏成为全面检验模型预测结果的最大障碍。将模型用于我国三种典型含锶卤水(青海南翼山油田水、四川宣汉川25井卤水和四川平落坝地下卤水)结晶行为的模拟表明:这三种卤水蒸发后期均会有锶盐形成,温度较低时形成SrCl_2·6H_2O,温度较高时形成SrCl_2·2H_2O;温度对青海南翼山油田水和四川宣汉川25井卤水中锶富集最大程度的影响较大,温度升高均有利于锶在卤水中的富集;相比之下,四川平落坝地下卤水中锶的最大富集程度受温度影响较小,当高温析出SrCl_2·2H_2O时卤水中锶的最高浓度几乎不受温度影响。  相似文献   

龙木错与结则茶卡盐湖卤水兑卤及蒸发析盐规律研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

崔玉虎  袁建军  杨美洁  沙作良 《海洋与湖沼》2014,45(2):239-243

本文以西藏龙木错与结则茶卡为对象,研究了两盐湖卤水在不同兑卤比情况下,混合卤各组分的变化,并对兑卤后的混合卤水进行了15°C蒸发过程的研究。实验分别对两种原料卤水和兑卤后卤水蒸发所得的9个卤水样品进行了常量化学组分分析,研究了兑卤后卤水蒸发过程中盐类的富集行为和析出规律。混合卤蒸发析盐规律结果基本符合Na+、K+、Mg2+//Cl–、24SO?-H2O(15°C)五元水盐体系相图。  相似文献