Highly localised distribution patterns of juvenile sea cucumber Australostichopus mollis     

MJ Slater  AG Carton  AG Jeffs 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):201-216

Information on the environmental characteristics of the juvenile habitat of many deposit-feeding sea cucumber species is limited, despite most fished species exhibiting rapid localised depletion. The current study combined large and small scale surveying techniques within a New Zealand harbour to identify areas with high densities of juvenile Australostichopus mollis, a commercially valuable aspidochirote holothurian. Data from detailed surveys were used to relate densities of juveniles and adults with measures of physical habitat characteristics including depth, sediment facies type, grain size range, as well as measures of chlorophyll-a, phaeopigment, carbon and nitrogen content of surface sediment. Results revealed a highly localised distribution of juvenile A. mollis focused on one site associated with an area of high adult density. Sites of high juvenile A. mollis density were characterised by sediment qualities favouring epibenthic detritivorous deposit feeding, including high nitrogen content, high phaeopigment:chlorophyll-a ratio and small grain size. The high-density juvenile site had facies that were further characterised by the presence of large shell fragments (>10 cm length) of the horse mussel (Atrina zelandica), which may provide a unique settlement microhabitat for early juveniles. Unlike some other sea cucumber species, juvenile A. mollis shows no distinct spatial separation from adult sea cucumbers, no association with dense macroalgae and no clear preference for shallower depths than adults. Overall, the results illustrate the highly localised pattern of recruitment of this species to a widely distributed adult population, which may help to explain the lack of previous observations of juveniles in this species. These results indicate the importance of identifying and protecting what appear to be very specific juvenile habitats in deposit-feeding sea cucumbers to ensure continuing recruitment to exploited populations.  相似文献   

江苏盐城滨海湿地食物网的初步研究     

欧志吉  姜启吴  左平 《海洋学报》2013,35(1):149-157

运用稳定同位素方法分析了盐城滨海湿地生态系统中部分生物的食物来源,示踪了食物网的主要碳流途径,提出了估算消费者的营养级的新模型并进行了相应计算,最终构建了江苏滨海湿地简化食物网模型。主要结论:(1)主要初级生产者的δ13C介于-28.856×10-3与-10.952×10-3之间,δ15N介于1.219×10-3与6.496×10-3之间,均具有显著差异,消费者个体的δ13C介于-27.564×10-3与-11.641×10-3之间,δ15N介于4.462×10-3至10.339×10-3之间;(2) 研究区生态系统可以划分成潮间带和潮上带两个亚生态系统,其中潮上带的主要食物源为芦苇,潮间带的主要食物源为互花米草及微体藻类,盐蒿对两个亚生态系统都有一定的食物贡献率,但均不高。(3)研究区的大型底栖生物及草食性哺乳类大部分占据第二营养级;(4) 研究区动物可以划分为8个主要功能类群,即植食性哺乳类、植食性昆虫、鸟类、淡水游泳类、咸水鱼类、底内动物、底上动物以及浮游动物。总之,潮间带动物比潮上带动物的食物组成多样性略高,与研究区域的生物多样性基本吻合。另外,潮间带生物的食物竞争十分激烈,光滩上分布有一定重叠的优势种并存在一定的食物生态位分化。  相似文献   

Sympatric seagrass shrimp show similar structure and selection along the seashore: a comparison of two cryptic Phycomenes zostericola lineages     

Jodie A. Haig  Rod M. Connolly  Jane M. Hughes 《Marine Ecology》2013,34(1):30-42

Small crustaceans are diverse and abundant in seagrass habitats and provide many ecological services. Further information is needed about their long‐ and short‐term response to habitat fragmentation and loss. Shrimp specimens were sampled from coastal seagrasses: latitudes 9°–27° S (Torres Strait to Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia) and longitudes 141°–153° E (Weipa to Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia). The seagrass shrimp Phycomenes zostericola (Caridea: Decapoda) underwent phylogeographic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data. Lineage relationships were investigated and two deeply divergent sympatric lineages of P. zostericola were discovered in northern samples. The two lineages display vastly different demographic histories in spite of similar overall phylogeographic patterns. The two lineages appear to be in secondary contact with each other, detailing independent histories of sea level change, long distance colonisation and habitat fragmentation. Their regional structure is evidence that the potential for dispersal is only realised under specific environmental conditions. Nuclear data, used to determine reproductive status between lineages, instead displayed a non‐random latitudinal geographic distribution suggesting directional selection, possibly in response to ocean temperatures. The differences between the two deeply divergent lineages highlight the importance of understanding variability among cryptic taxa and their response to habitat change.  相似文献   

Stochastic model for settlement: footings on cohesionless soil     

《Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards》2013,7(4):269-283

In this paper, given an estimate of the bearing capacity of the soil, by treating settlement at a given load as a random variable and the evolution of settlement of footing on cohesionless soil with the increasing load as a stochastic process, a tri-level homogeneous Markov chain (TLHMC) model is proposed for prediction of settlement. Comparison of the predicted mean and bounds on settlements, obtained using TLHMC, with the respective field values obtained from literature shows that the stochastic evolution can be modelled using TLHMC with a correlation coefficient of 0.90. A methodology for reliability-based design of footings is also presented and its use is demonstrated through a numerical example.  相似文献   

多孔介质中水气交替注入微观渗流模拟     

杨永飞  尹振  姚军  李亚军  王晨晨 《地球科学》2013,38(4):853-858,886

针对水气交替注入(water-alternating-gas,WAG)过程中,油气水三相渗流的微观机理认识不足和油气水三相流体在多孔介质中分布规律认识不准确等问题,基于三维孔隙网络模型,应用孔隙级模拟方法,从微观角度模拟了不同润湿性多孔介质中的WAG驱替过程.结果表明:连通性较好的多孔介质中,原油主要在前两轮的WAG循环中被驱替出来;在前两轮WAG驱替之后,流体饱和度和分布规律达到比较稳定的状态,但在完全水湿模型中油相仍然在多孔介质中流动.得出的WAG驱替过程中各相流体饱和度的变化规律、各相流体分布规律和驱替类型,较好地阐述和解释了多孔介质中的微观驱替机理.  相似文献   

不同饵料对两种帘蛤科贝类生长性能的影响研究     

冯森磊  梁夏菲  徐晔  严维鑫  葛红星  董志国 《海洋科学》2021,45(12):47-54

为探讨不同饵料对青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)与文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)生长和存活的影响,本实验选用紫菜(Pyropia)、浒苔(Enteromorpha prolifera)、海带(Laminaria japonica)、小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和人工配合饲料5种饵料,采用单一饵料投喂方式进行饲养.结果表明:小球藻组中特定生长率、存活率及饲料转换率与各饵料组均有显著性差异(P<0.05),青蛤的增质量率显著低于紫菜组、海带组及人工配合饲料组(P>0.05).在人工配合饲料组中青蛤与文蛤的特定生长率与各饵料组均有显著性差异(P<0.05),青蛤的增质量率与各饵料组无显著性差异(P>0.05),文蛤的增质量率显著高于紫菜组、浒苔组及人工配合饲料组(P<0.05).在3组大型藻中,海带组中青蛤的特定生长率为0.07％,增质量率为4.59％,饵料转换率为7.09％,存活率为74％;文蛤的特定生长率0.13％,增质量率为8.36％,饵料转换率为1.41％,存活率为55.6％.综上,小球藻和人工配合饲料有利于青蛤和文蛤的生长,在3组大型藻中,投喂海带有利于文蛤和青蛤的生长和存活.  相似文献   

光色对三疣梭子蟹幼蟹生长和能量收支的影响     

王芳  王馨  刘恒彤  董双林 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2014,44(11):25-29

在实验室条件下,研究了5种光色对三疣梭子蟹幼蟹生长和能量收支的影响。实验结果如下:1.不同光色下三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的生长存在一定差异。黄光下,蟹的特定生长率(SGRd)最高,显著高于白光和蓝光处理组(P0.05),而与红光和绿光处理组相比差异不明显(P0.05)。蓝光下,蟹的SGRd显著小于除白光外的其他处理组(P0.05)。2.不同光色下三疣梭子蟹的摄食存在一定差异。蓝光下,蟹的摄食率(FId)显著高于其他光照处理组(P0.05),但其食物转化效率(FCEd)显著低于其他处理组(P0.05);黄光下则呈现相反的趋势。3.不同光色下三疣梭子蟹的能量分配存在一定差异。黄光下,蟹用于生长的能量比例最高,显著高于红光外其他光色处理组(P0.05),其能量转化效率呈现相同的趋势;而蓝光下,蟹用于生长的能量比例最低,显著低于其他处理组,其能量转化效率呈相似趋势。结果表明,黄光下,三疣梭子蟹食物转化率高,用于生长的能量比例高,净生长效率和同化效率较高,因而获得较快的生长。在工厂化养殖生产中,黄光是有利于三疣梭子蟹幼蟹生长的较佳光谱。  相似文献   

Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a marine food web from Liaodong Bay,North China     

Xindong Ma  Haijun Zhang  Ziwei Yao  Xiaofeng Zhao  Longxing Wang  Zhen Wang  Jiping Chen  Jingwen Chen 《Marine pollution bulletin》2013

The concentrations of 21 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners were analyzed in organisms within a marine food web collected from the Liaodong Bay, North China. The total concentrations of PBDEs in all samples ranged from 0.87 to 91.4 ng g⁻¹ lipid weight (lw). BDE-47 was the predominant congener and had a concentration ranging from 0.30 to 36.1 ng g⁻¹ lw. The trophic magnification factors (TMF) of the PBDEs were calculated using the trophic levels obtained from the stable nitrogen isotope ratios. The TMF value of ∑PBDEs was 3.50 for the entire food web and 2.21 for the food web excluding seabirds. Four concentration ratios, BDE-99/BDE-100, BDE-99/BDE-47, BDE-153/BDE-154 and BDE-183/BDE-154, decreased linearly with the increase of the trophic levels in the invertebrates and the fishes (p < 0.01). The results suggested that the PBDEs were steadily metabolized in the trophic transfer process along the food chain.  相似文献   

基于场景的不同类别不同粒度知识获取方法     

马俊  王光霞  齐晓飞  田朝前  乔健 《测绘科学》2013,38(5):19-21

本文提出基于场景的不同类别不同粒度知识获取方法,首先对此方法中场景、知识链、粒度的概念进行界定,从本质和整体上对该方法进行阐述,并通过实验证明此方法符合专题地图设计根本宗旨、能够有效获取不同类别不同粒度的知识,获取知识的结构属于高内聚、低耦合,具有易维护、易重复使用的优点。  相似文献   

Role of remote sensing in achieving national food self-sufficiency and food security     

Li Deren 《地球空间信息科学学报》2013,16(2):1-5

This paper seeks to explore the role of Remote Sensing in solving the agriculture related problems, which are the basic issues of sustainable development.  相似文献