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81.
H. O. Prtner B. Berdal R. Blust O. Brix A. Colosimo B. De Wachter A. Giuliani T. Johansen T. Fischer R. Knust G. Lannig G. Naevdal A. Nedenes G. Nyhammer F. J. Sartoris I. Serendero P. Sirabella S. Thorkildsen M. Zakhartsev 《Continental Shelf Research》2001,21(18-19)
Effects of global warming on animal distribution and performance become visible in many marine ecosystems. The present study was designed to develop a concept for a cause and effect understanding with respect to temperature changes and to explain ecological findings based on physiological processes. The concept is based on a wide comparison of invertebrate and fish species with a special focus on recent data obtained in two model species of fish. These fish species are both characterized by northern and southern distribution limits in the North Atlantic: eelpout (Zoarces viviparus), as a typical non-migrating inhabitant of the coastal zone and the cod (Gadus morhua), as a typical inhabitant of the continental shelf with a high importance for fisheries.Mathematical modelling demonstrates a clear significant correlation between climate induced temperature fluctuations and the recruitment of cod stocks. Growth performance in cod is optimal at temperatures close to 10°C, regardless of the population investigated in a latitudinal cline. However, temperature specific growth rates decrease at higher latitudes. Also, fecundity is less in White Sea than in North and Baltic Sea cod or eelpout populations. These findings suggest that a cold-induced shift in energy budget occurs which is unfavorable for growth performance and fecundity. Thermal tolerance limits shift depending on latitude and are characterized by oxygen limitation at both low or high temperatures. Oxygen supply to tissues is optimized at low temperature by a shift in hemoglobin isoforms and oxygen binding properties to lower affinities and higher unloading potential. Protective stimulation of heat shock protein synthesis was not observed.According to a recent model of thermal tolerance the downward shift of tolerance limits during cold adaptation is associated with rising mitochondrial densities and, thus, aerobic capacity and performance in the cold, especially in eurythermal species. At the same time the costs of mitochondrial maintenance reflected by mitochondrial proton leakage should rise leaving a lower energy fraction for growth and reproduction. The preliminary conclusion can be drawn that warming will cause a northern shift of distribution limits for both species with a rise in growth performance and fecundity larger than expected from the Q10 effect in the north and lower growth or even extinction of the species in the south. Such a shift may heavily affect fishing activities in the North Sea. 相似文献
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In this paper, a 1-D time dependent cold cumulus chemistry model is presented. In the coldcumulus model, 4 categories of hydrometeors: cloud drops, raindrops, cloud ice crystals, graupelparticles, and 18 microphysical interactions are considered, In the chemical model, the source andsink terms for pollutants include: the complicated interactions between pollutants (gases andaerosol particles) and the hydrometeors (especially ice crystals and graupel particles), the ex-changes of chemical compounds between two hydrometeors accompanying microphysical processesand the aqueous oxidations of S (IV) to S (VI). The two models are combined to study the acidifi-cation processes in cold cumulus clouds. 相似文献
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The survey for the HEIFE(Atmosphere-Land Surface Processes Experiment at Heihe RiverBasin,Western China)is given in the paper.The following basic subjects for land-surface process-es in arid areas are studied:(1)the general characteristics of the energy budget on ground surfacein arid areas;(2)the parameterization of the land surface processes;(3)the interaction betweenoasis and its desert circumstances,a special phenomenon in arid areas.The analysis shows that thesensible heat flux in the surface energy budget is in the majority,and the latent heat flux may beneglected.The influence of atmospheric stratification stability on the turbulent transfer of energyand substance must be considered in parameterization of land surface processes in arid areas.The“cold island effect”phenomenon in oasis and the“humidity inversion”phenomenon in desert nearoasis are the result of the interaction between them.The results would improve the understandingof land surface processes in arid areas. 相似文献
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东亚春季强冷锋结构及其动力学诊断研究 I. 东亚春季强冷锋结构 总被引:1,自引:7,他引:1
本文利用常规探空资料和华东中尺度试验的部分资料,对1983年春季一次快速南下,并在江淮地区产生大范围强对流天气的冷锋进行了三维结构的分析。通过研究发现,这次冷锋过程主要有以下特征: (1) 与冷锋相对应的高空槽前存在一支下沉(DVM)气流;(2)有一强的辐合区出现在对流层中层,锋前上升运动的最大值也出现在对流层中层;(3)比较强的锋生过程主要集中于对流层中下层;(4)存在一支明显的热力直接环流(TDC),即暖湿空气沿冷锋倾斜上升;(5)在冷锋后存在一支较强的下沉气流(DVM),这支DVM对冷锋逆温层(或等温层)的形成可能有重要作用。并将此次东亚春季强冷锋个例与小仓义光(Ogura)等分析的北美春季冷锋(SESAME)个例作了对比,发现此次冷锋个例中,锋区的温度密集区主要在对流层中层,而北美SESAME个例温度密集区主要在对流层低层。这可能是由于东亚高空急流较强,动力强迫而引发锋生所致。 相似文献
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1991年梅雨期中冷空气活动的个例分析 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
通过对1991年7月4—6日江淮地区大暴雨过程中冷空气的轨迹分析表明,来自西北方向的冷空气造成了冷暖空气在长江流域的对峙和高原东侧50hPa槽的发展,后者又进而促使了梅雨锋上的气旋发展。 相似文献
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本文利用一个三维中尺度模式,分别采用两种不同的湿过程处理方案FPA和NCA模拟同一个洋面冷锋个例,以考察模拟结果对湿过程参数化方案的敏感性。两种方案的区别在于前一种使用了次网格湿对流参数化而后者没有。通过比较分别使用FPA和NCA方案所进行的模拟FPS和NCS,发现冷锋结构在两者间出现较大差异。从850 hPa等压面|Δθe|等值线图所显示的结构看,NCS中冷锋呈现为一长一短两条锋带,而FPS中冷锋仅呈现为一条锋带。在相应的冷锋横向垂直剖面中,NCS中存在两个相邻的锋面垂直环流,而FPS中只有一个。另外,NCS中对流不稳定的冷锋区出现垂直运动过分发展的现象,而FPS中不存在这个问题。通过与卫星云图比较,我们注意到,NCS中尽管出现了垂直运动过分发展的现象,但相对于FPS而言,其模拟的冷锋结构与实际较为接近,成功地模拟出云图上显示的双冷锋结构。NCS中垂直运动过分发展的一个重要原因是模式中采用的静力平衡近似。FPS中次网格对流参数化方案的使用,通过减少甚至消除对流不稳定度,一方面使垂直运动的过分发展倾向受到约束,另一方面也可能使在对流不稳定层结下的锋区环境中本应出现的中尺度结构失去了形成的机会。 相似文献
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