冻结红砂岩非线性蠕变模型的研究     

单仁亮  宋立伟  李东阳  黄宝龙  刘念  赵文峰 《岩土力学》2014,35(6):1541-1546

对-10℃的冻结红砂岩进行了单轴蠕变试验,应力水平依次为0.36、0.45和0.54,发现当应力水平为0.36和0.45时,红砂岩蠕变为稳定蠕变,当应力水平为0.54时,蠕变为不稳定蠕变。应力水平越高,蠕变达到稳定的时间越长。对蠕变曲线的导函数进行分析,发现红砂岩不稳定蠕变的加速阶段门槛值为13 h。通过对实测数据的拟合,得到了3个应力水平下红砂岩蠕变的经验方程。由开尔文体、改进麦克斯韦尔体和改进陈沅江体串联组成了理论模型,并得到了模型参数,理论曲线与实测曲线吻合较好,能够较好地反映冻结红砂岩的蠕变规律。试验结果为采用冻结法施工的矿井评价冻结壁的稳定性提供了相应的参考。  相似文献   

深海稀软底质土宏观性能与显微结构分析     

马雯波  饶秋华  吴鸿云  郭帅成  李鹏 《岩土力学》2014,35(6):1641-1646

针对取样于太平洋C-C矿区的深海稀软底质土,采用激光粒度分析、液塑限联合测定、氮吸附、固结和直剪等方法对其开展物理和力学性能研究,并通过X射线衍射法和电镜法分析其矿物组成成分和微观结构。研究结果表明：深海稀软底质土为以粉粒为主的黏质土,具有高液限、高塑性,高比表面积、高固结系数、低压缩模量、低抗剪强度等特性,极易造成集矿机的沉陷和打滑。该土样的矿物成分主要由蒙脱石、石英、长石、云母、绿泥石和蛇纹石组成,显微结构为以粉粒和微生物碎片为主的片状链接结构和以黏土矿物为主的蜂窝状絮凝结构相互填充而成。深海稀软底质模拟土的配置原则应以矿物成分、粒径、含水率、比表面积和剪切强度为主,且综合考虑液限、塑限和显微结构。研究结果将为深海集矿机行走特性研究及其优化设计提供重要依据。  相似文献   

新近吹填淤泥地基负压传递特性及分布模式研究     

鲍树峰  莫海鸿  董志良  陈平山  邱青长 《岩土力学》2014,35(12):3569-3576

为深入了解无砂垫层真空预压技术加固新近吹填淤泥地基过程中的负压传递特性和分布模式,依托珠海港高栏港区某新近吹填淤泥地基处理工程开展了现场试验研究,研究结果表明：（1）土工合成材料水平排水垫层中的负压损失程度较严重,至少为16%;整个排水系统内的负压损失程度也较严重,最严重的高达57%。（2）不同深度处土体中的负压传递特性一定程度上受相应位置处淤泥自重沉积规律的影响,粗颗粒含量高的深度位置,其负压衰减程度相应较低;但总体来讲,负压从竖井向土体传递过程中的损失程度很严重,至少67%,这是新近吹填淤泥地基经无砂垫层真空预压技术加固后土体强度增长有限的主要原因。最后,明确给出了该类地基的负压分布模式：水平排水垫层中的负压可考虑为随时间变化的线性衰减模式,而竖向排水体中的负压可考虑为随时间变化的非线性衰减模式。  相似文献   

咸水滴灌林地风沙土中微生物群落代谢特征   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

靳正忠  雷加强  李生宇  徐新文 《中国沙漠》2014,34(2):363-370

选择Biolog技术方法,利用方差分析和主成分分析研究了不同矿化度水滴灌下塔里木沙漠公路防护林地土壤微生物的代谢活性。结果表明：随着培养时间的推移,微生物利用单一碳源的颜色平均变化率（AWCD）呈现升高趋势。培养48 h内小于0.5,处于缓慢增长期;48 h后进入对数增长期;216 h后进入稳定期;衰亡期不明显。随着滴灌水矿化度增大,AWCD值明显降低,这种差异主要由土壤微生物对胺类、酚类化合物、碳水化合物利用的差异所致。土壤微生物群落利用碳源活性的垂直差异明显,70~100 cm土层是AWCD值最高的区域,表层0~5 cm最小。AWCD值与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效钾、速效磷的含量、pH值、阳离子交换量、容重的正相关系数均大于0.85。因此,土壤微生物利用碳源的代谢活性差异主要由土壤化学性质所致,土壤全量养分和酸碱度是主要驱动因子。胺类、酚类化合物、碳水化合物是区分不同矿化度水滴灌下土壤微生物群落生态功能的敏感碳源。  相似文献   

Air masses and aerosols chemical components in the free troposphere at the subtropical northeast atlantic region     

A. M. Díaz  J. P. Díaz  F. J. Expósito  P. A. Hernández-Leal  D. Savoie  X. Querol 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2006,53(1):63-90

The dynamics and the aerosol chemistry of the air masses reaching the free troposphere of the subtropical Northeast Atlantic region during the period 1995–98 have been studied. Seven days backward trajectories were calculated daily with HYSPLIT-4 model for Izaña Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) Observatory (28.3^°N 16.5^°W, 2367 m a.s.l.). These back-trajectories were classified by means of a k-means clustering strategy. The daily air masses have been coded using 16 variables to detect the aerosol load of each one of them. Four clusters were found: Cluster 1, representative of Atlantic oceanic middle troposphere air masses, (OMT), has an average frequency of occurrence of 50.6%. Cluster 2, which includes air masses originated in the African continent (AfD), has been recorded in a 19.8% of time. Cluster 3 represents a mixture at least of two of the next sources: Europe, Africa and Ocean, (EAM), with a frequency of 12.7%. Finally, Cluster 4 includes air masses with a high load of maritime aerosols, (MaA), and it has been detected in a 16.9%. An analysis of four aerosol components: NO₃ ^?, NH₄ ⁺, non-sea-salt-SO₄ ^2?, and mineral dust and its relation with the origin and transport of the air masses have been done. The highest quantities of mineral dust and nss-SO₄ ^2? are linked with African air masses with a mean value of 86.5 and 1.9 μg/m³ respectively. Whereas the highest levels of NO₃ ^?, 1.0 μg/m³, and NH₄ ⁺, 0.4 μg/m³, were obtained for AfD and EAM. The lowest levels were associated with OMT and MaA air masses types: 12.7, 0.6, 0.2, and 0.5 μg/m³ for dust, NO₃ ^?, NH₄ ⁺, and nss-SO₄ ^2? in average for the four studied years. However, it is remarkable that the values of the median for dust are 2.2 and 3.5 μg/m³ in clusters MaA and OMT respectively. Using non-parametric statistical tests the distributions of concentrations in each cluster by year have been compared in order to detect similarities. The results show that the aerosol loads of OMT and MaA air masses are quite similar and the same occurs for AfD and EAM air masses. However, the correlation analysis between the levels of anions and ammonium evidenced important differences among the air mass types. In AfD air masses is clear a low correlation between levels of nss-SO₄ ^2? and NH₄ ⁺ (r ² = 0.08) suggesting that the sulfate speciation was dominated by sulfate species others than ammonium sulfate, such as calcium sulfate. CaSO₄ ?2H₂O (gypsum) is mainly present in the coarse mode, where the radiative effects of sulfate are less important that in the accumulative mode. For OMT air masses is noticeable an important increasing on the correlation between the levels of anions and those of NH₄ ⁺ for the two last years of the study period (1997–1998, r ² = 0.61 –0.85%) with respect to the first ones (1995–1996, r ² = 0.25–0.49%), coinciding with the second strongest ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) event recorded. This behavior indicates a change in the speciation of the aerosol component.  相似文献   

A Study on Sulfate Optical Properties and Direct Radiative Forcing Using LASG-IAP General Circulation Model     

LI Jiandong  Zhian SUN  LIU Yimin  Jiangnan LI  Wei-Chyung WANG  WU Guoxiong 《大气科学进展》2012,29(6):1185-1199

The direct radiative forcing(DRF) of sulfate aerosols depends highly on the atmospheric sulfate loading and the meteorology,both of which undergo strong regional and seasonal variations.Because the optical properties of sulfate aerosols are also sensitive to atmospheric relative humidity,in this study we first examine the scheme for optical properties that considers hydroscopic growth.Next,we investigate the seasonal and regional distributions of sulfate DRF using the sulfate loading simulated from NCAR CAM-Chem together with the meteorology modeled from a spectral atmospheric general circulation model(AGCM) developed by LASG-IAP.The global annual-mean sulfate loading of 3.44 mg m 2 is calculated to yield the DRF of 1.03 and 0.57 W m 2 for clear-sky and all-sky conditions,respectively.However,much larger values occur on regional bases.For example,the maximum all-sky sulfate DRF over Europe,East Asia,and North America can be up to 4.0 W m 2.The strongest all-sky sulfate DRF occurs in the Northern Hemispheric July,with a hemispheric average of 1.26 W m 2.The study results also indicate that the regional DRF are strongly affected by cloud and relative humidity,which vary considerably among the regions during different seasons.This certainly raises the issue that the biases in model-simulated regional meteorology can introduce biases into the sulfate DRF.Hence,the model processes associated with atmospheric humidity and cloud physics should be modified in great depth to improve the simulations of the LASG-IAP AGCM and to reduce the uncertainty of sulfate direct effects on global and regional climate in these simulations.  相似文献   

Biological Processes Responsible for Travertine Deposition: A Review and Future Prospect     

Zhijun Wang  Jianjun Yin  Junbing Pu  Daoxian Yuan 《地球科学进展》2019,34(6):606-617

The investigation of biological processes responsible for travertine deposition allows us to better understand the travertine petrographic and geochemical signatures as proxies of climatic and environmental change. This paper reviewed the organisms associated with travertines, the biotic micro-fabrics formed within travertines, the biological processes associated with travertine precipitation and their controls on travertine geochemical properties. Prospects of the future research on biological processes responsible for travertine precipitation were provided. Bacteria, algae and mosses are the most important organisms that involve in the precipitation of travertines. The growth of these organisms leads to the formation of a range of various porosity, crystal fabrics and lamination within travertines. Three main biological processes responsible for travertine deposition can be classified, including \mathrm{①} a process of aquatic plant growth generating a turbulent condition and consequent CO₂ evasion, \mathrm{②} a metabolic (mainly photosynthetic) process mediating carbonate precipitation and \mathrm{③} a ‘surface-control’ process influencing nucleation and crystal growth. These processes play an important role in the migration and transformation of elements in travertine-depositing system and thus determine the properties of water chemistry and geochemistry of carbonate deposits. Travertine deposits have great potential to be valuable records for the geobiological study. Further investigation is required to simultaneously track biotic and abiotic interactions in modern travertine-depositing environments and quantify the contribution of these two processes and apply the results to accurately interpret travertine records.  相似文献   

南海北部琼东南盆地岩石热物性特征          下载免费PDF全文

蔡黎  李香兰  刘绍文  朱继田  熊小峰  李旭东  尹宏伟 《高校地质学报》2019,25(4):538

岩石热物性是盆地模拟和预测深部温度时不可或缺的参数。琼东南盆地是当前我国海洋油气资源勘探开发的重点区 块,揭示该盆地的热状态和烃源岩热演化历史均离不开真实可靠的岩石热物性参数。前人虽然对南海北部地区的岩石热物 性开展过相关研究,仍存在实测数据偏少、代表性不足和相互矛盾等问题,亟需新增一批新的实测数据来弥补该区基础地 热参数的不足。文章对采自琼东南盆地19口钻孔的32块岩心样品开展了热导率、生热率以及密度和孔隙度等物性参数测 试,揭示了它们的空间展布特征、相互关系及其主控因素,建立了琼东南盆地新生界地层平均热导率和生热率,据此估算 出盆地沉积物的放射性生热贡献约占地表热流的33%。这些实测的岩石热物性参数为南海北部海域沉积盆地的盆地模拟和 地热相关研究提供了坚实的基础数据。  相似文献   

河南省主要城市浅层地温能特征及开发利用建议     

王春晖  狄艳松  胡媛媛 《城市地质》2019,14(1):40-47

河南省浅层地温能资源具有分布广泛、资源量丰富、开发利用方便等特点,发展前景广阔。通过对河南省主要城市的地质、水文地质条件和岩土体结构特征等浅层地温能赋存特征的分析,采用数理统计和对比分析等综合研究的方法,对比研究了不同地貌类型城市200m以浅的岩土体热物性特征、浅层地温场分布特征和岩土热响应特征等的异同及其分布与变化规律。结果显示:河南省主要城市浅层地温能的赋存层位主要为第四系及新近系上部的各类松散堆积物,这些松散的堆积物和储存于其孔隙内的地下水为浅层地温能的载体;岩土导热系数会随着孔隙率的增加而减小,随岩性颗粒变粗而增大;城市地层综合导热系数和换热能力与地下水径流条件呈正相关;位于盆地和山前地带水文地质条件优越的城市或地段,浅层地温能开发利用宜采用地下水换热方式,松散堆积物厚度较大且以细粒相沉积为主的城市或地段,宜采用竖直地埋管换热方式。  相似文献   

板裂千枚岩微观结构与力学性质     

周阳  苏生瑞  李鹏  马洪生  张晓东 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2019,49(2):504-513

为了研究板裂千枚岩的微观结构及力学性质,以汶川-马尔康高速公路沿线典型的板裂千枚岩为研究对象,进行了X衍射,薄片鉴定和单轴、三轴压缩试验。结果表明：1）板裂千枚岩微观结构和矿物成分比较复杂,具有明显的脆、塑性变形和裂隙,结构稳定性差;2）板裂千枚岩的各向异性明显,结构面夹角从0°到90°,板裂千枚岩的弹性模量、抗压强度、黏聚力和内摩擦角先减小后增大,呈V型分布规律;3）板裂千枚岩的破裂模式与结构面夹角和围压的大小密切相关,其破裂模式共有顺结构面的张拉劈裂破坏、顺结构面的剪切滑移破坏、Y型张拉-剪切复合破坏、顺结构面和贯穿结构面的复合张剪破坏、贯穿结构面的剪切破坏5种类型;4）随着围压的增大,不同结构面夹角试样的强度、变形参数和破裂模式的各向异性逐渐减弱;5）最大主应力与结构面的组合方式控制着岩石的破裂模式和力学性质,这是板裂板裂千枚岩显示各向异性的根本原因。  相似文献