Terrain complexity and reduction of topographic data     

Yue-Hong Chou  Pin-Shuo Liu  Raymond J. Dezzani 《Journal of Geographical Systems》1999,1(2):179-198

Digital terrain data are useful for a variety of applications in mapping and spatial analysis. Most available terrain data are organized in a raster format, among them being the most extensively-used Digital Elevation Models (DEM) of the U.S. Geological Survey. A common problem with DEM for spatial analysis at the landscape scale is that the raster encoding of topography is subject to data redundancy and, as such, data volumes may become prohibitively large. To improve efficiency in both data storage and information processing, the redundancy of the terrain data must be minimized by eliminating unnecessary elements. To what extent a set of terrain data can be reduced for improving storage and processing efficiency depends on the complexity of the terrain. In general, data elements for simpler, smoother surfaces can be substantially reduced without losing critical topographic information. For complex terrains, more data elements should be retained if the topography is to be adequately represented. In this paper, we present a measure of terrain complexity based on the behavior of selected data elements in representing the characteristics of a surface. The index of terrain complexity is derived from an estimated parameter which denotes the relationship between terrain representation (percentage surface representation) and relative data volume (percentage DEM elements). The index can be used to assess the required volume of topographic data and determine the appropriate level of data reduction. Two quadrangles of distinct topographic characteristics were examined to illustrate the efficacy of the developed methodology.  相似文献   

Historical land use as a driver of alternative states for stream form and function in forested mountain watersheds of the Southern Rocky Mountains          下载免费PDF全文

Bridget Livers  Ellen Wohl  Karen J. Jackson  Nicholas A. Sutfin 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(3):669-684

We demonstrate how land use can drive mountain streams in the Southern Rockies across a threshold to induce an alternative state of significantly reduced physical complexity of form and reduced ecological function. We evaluate field data from 28 stream reaches in relatively laterally unconfined valleys and unmanaged forest that is either old‐growth forest or naturally disturbed younger forest, and 19 stream reaches in managed forest with past land use. We evaluate potential differences in stream form, as reflected in channel planform, cross‐sectional geometry, and in‐stream wood loads, and stream function, as reflected in pool volume and storage of organic carbon. Field data indicate a threshold of differences in stream form and function between unmanaged and managed stream reaches, regardless of forest stand age, supporting our hypothesis that the legacy effects of past land use result in an alternative state of streams. Because physical complexity that increases stream retentiveness and habitat can maintain aquatic‐riparian ecosystem functions, the alternative physical state of streams in managed watersheds creates a physical template for an alternative ecological state with reduced pool volume, organic carbon storage, and ecosystem productivity. We recommend maintaining riparian forests that can supply large wood to streams as a stream restoration technique in historically forested stream segments. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The relationship between habitat complexity and emergence time in damselflies     

《Limnologica》2017

Environments with higher complexity harbor a greater biodiversity and can directly influence on certain behaviors of aquatic animals. Here, we tested whether habitat complexity predicts odonate larvae emergence and mortality rates by rearing larvae in aquaria with or without artificial complexity. The results show a shorter emergence time in more complex environments, and a higher mortality rate on less complex habitats.  相似文献   

Systematic increase in model complexity helps to identify dominant streamflow mechanisms in two small forested basins     

Paula C. David  Debora Y. Oliveira  Fernando Grison  Masato Kobiyama 《水文科学杂志》2019,64(4):455-472

This study shows how the use of increasing model complexity allows us to hypothesize about dominant streamflow mechanisms in two small Brazilian forested basins. Nine different structures from SUPERFLEX, an objective framework to systematically increase hydrological model complexity, were tested and we extended the flexible modelling methodology to error models as well. We show that applying a rigorous methodology in a model evaluation framework, with residual analysis and control of model complexity, is essential for testing a model as a hypothesis for dominant hydrological controls. Our results indicate that the model architecture was more important than the increase in the number of model parameters. Better performing models were those with a parallel structure, which confirms our a priori belief about the dominant runoff mechanisms of the studied catchments, characterized by a rapid response to rainfall, but also a constant river discharge fed by water storage on the thick soil layer.  相似文献   

区域地质环境复杂程度评价     

李源亮  任光明  范荣全  王猛  李惠民  李畅 《四川地质学报》2020,40(1):86-92

宏观分析区域地质环境复杂程度能有效指导长距离线状工程规划选线、指导城镇规划选址。以往地质环境复杂程度评价主要针对小区域,其评价方案在应用于大区域时受到一定限制。本文总结提出了区域地质环境复杂程度评价的指导性原则,针对地学研究中长期存在的地层岩性复杂程度难以量化的特点,引入信息熵的概念,利用"地层岩性信息熵"实现了复杂程度的量化评价。以四川为例,选取地形地貌、地层岩性、冻土、断裂构造、区域稳定性、气象等6类10项指标,利用AHP法计算指标权重,基于GIS平台对境内地质环境复杂程度进行分析。研究方法对区域地质环境评价具有参考价值,成果可为四川境内长距离线状工程规划提供参考。  相似文献   

On Growth and Form in Geomorphology     

Nick Spedding 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1997,22(3):261-265

Perhaps surprisingly, geomorphology's relative failure to deliver meaningful process-based accounts of landscape development has not stimulated much in the way of procedural debate. Although most geomorphologists seem to agree that a problem exists — how best to make explicit the links between process and form? — this tends to be seen as a substantive problem only, the solution to which lies within the existing framework of geomorphic research, located broadly within the tradition of positivist scientific method. Here I argue that we need to ask a new type of question in a new way: one which gives priority to organizational/compositional relationships rather than to detailed process studies, within the revived context of space–time dynamics. Such a framework draws loosely on complexity theory and realist philosophy, and, in the first instance at least, suggests a return to conceptual, qualitative methods of research. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

城市产业共生网络的复杂性与管理模式分析     

周慧  李健  宋雅杰 《地域研究与开发》2011,30(3)

城市产业共生网络在运行过程中存在"系统失灵"现象,原因在于对产业共生网络运行机制的复杂性缺乏足够的认识.产业共生网络是一个复杂系统,共生主体之间存在着复杂的物质、能量、价值和信息的不断交换,形成产业共生网络中的物质流、能量流、价值流和信息流.从这一角度出发,基于复杂适应系统理论,详细阐述了城市产业共生网络的复杂运行过程,即物质流、能量流、价值流和信息流"四流"相互适应的交互作用机制,在此基础上,提出了城市产业共生网络管理系统的"圆形模式",并以天津市为例,说明了该模式的运用实施过程.  相似文献   

THE WEST COAST OF BRITAIN: STATISTICAL SELF-SIMILARITY VS. CHARACTERISTIC SCALES IN THE LANDSCAPE     

ROBERT ANDRLE 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1996,21(10):955-962

Mandelbrot (Science, 1967, 156, 636–638) used the west coast of Britain as an example of a naturally occurring statistically self-similar fractal. Evidence from this study indicates that the west coast of Britain is not statistically self-similar over the range of scale of measurement, and that complexity reaches maxima at characteristic scales related to identifiable features on the coastline. A fractal analysis is conducted using the divider method, and although the resulting log–log plot of measured length against steplength appears linear, statistical tests for linearity strongly suggest that the coastline is not statistically self-similar. An angle measure technique (AMT) developed by the author to examine changes in line complexity with scale, shows that within the range of scale of measurement there are two peaks in complexity for the west coast of Britain, suggesting that two processes acting at different scales have influenced coastal development. The AMT is also used to identify differences in complexity between northern and southern sections of the coastline. Additionally, high r² values associated with regressions of log L(G) against log G are shown to be insufficient evidence of statistical self-similarity, and apparently linear segments (fractal elements) often found in Richardson plots may contain systematic curvature revealed only by more rigorous tests for non-linearity.  相似文献   

Braess模型与城市网络的空间复杂化探讨   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

陈彦光  刘继生 《地理科学》2006,26(6):658-663

Braess交通网络模型是经典的图论模型,但该模型同时具有很强的地理学色彩。Braess借助一个简单的网络揭示了出人意料的地理现象:增加交通路线有时反而降低运输效率。从理论地理学的角度对Braess网络进行了数学抽象,然后利用规划理论、图论和微分方程解析等方法揭示出区域-城市地理系统的空间复杂化两个重要动因:空间相互作用和宏观对称破坏。  相似文献   

Multipole expansions of extended sources of elastic deformation     

Y. Y. Kagan 《Geophysical Journal International》1988,93(1):101-114

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