Quantifying contributions of snowmelt water to streamflow using graphical and chemical hydrograph separation     

Samuel A. Miller  Steve W. Lyon  Scott N. Miller 《水文研究》2020,34(26):5606-5623

In this study, we characterize the snowmelt hydrological response of nine headwater watersheds in southeast Wyoming by separating streamflow into three components using a combination of tracer and graphical approaches. First, continuous 15-min records of specific conductance (SC) from 2016 to 2018 were used to separate streamflow into annual contributions, representing water that contributes to streamflow in a given year that entered the watershed in the same year being considered, and perennial contributions, representing water that contributes to streamflow in a given year that entered the watershed in previous years. Then, diurnal streamflow cycles occurring during the snowmelt season were used to graphically separate annual contributions into rapid diurnal snowmelt contributions, representing water with the relatively fastest hydrological response and shortest residence time, and delayed annual contributions, representing water with relatively longer residence time in the watershed before becoming streamflow. On average, mean annual total streamflow was comprised of between 22% and 46% perennial contributions, 7% and 14% rapid diurnal snowmelt contributions, and 46% and 55% delayed annual contributions across the watersheds. A hysteresis index describing SC-discharge patterns indicated that, annually, most watersheds showed negative, concave, anti-clockwise hysteretic direction suggesting faster flow pathways dominate streamflow on the rising limb of the annual hydrograph relative to the falling limb. At the daily timescale during snowmelt-induced diurnal streamflow cycles, hysteresis was negative, but with a clockwise direction, implying that rapid diurnal snowmelt contributions generated from the concurrent daily snowmelt, with lower SC, arrived after delayed annual contribution peaks and preferentially contributed on the falling limb of diurnal cycles. South-facing watersheds were more susceptible to early season snowmelt at slower rates, resulting in less annual and more perennial contributions. Conversely, north-facing watersheds had longer snow persistence and larger proportions of annual contributions and rapid diurnal snowmelt contributions. Watersheds with surficial geology dominated by glacial deposits had a lower proportion of rapid diurnal snowmelt contributions compared to watersheds with large percentages of bedrock surficial geology.  相似文献   

Variations of crop coefficient and its influencing factors in an arid advective cropland of northwest China          下载免费PDF全文

Risheng Ding  Ling Tong  Fusheng Li  Yanqun Zhang  Xinmei Hao  Shaozhong Kang 《水文研究》2015,29(2):239-249

Understanding the variation and magnitude of crop coefficient (K_c) is important for accurate determination of crop evapotranspiration and water use. In this study, we calculated K_c in an irrigated maize field with ground mulching by eddy covariance evapotranspiration measurements during the whole growing periods in 2009 and 2010 in an arid region of northwest China. A semi‐empirical practical approach for estimating K_c was proposed by introducing the dynamic fraction of canopy cover and incorporating the effect of leaf senescence as a function of days after sowing. The contribution of arid advection of sensible heat resulting from irrigation to K_c and the response of K_c to canopy conductance (G_c) were investigated. The averaged values of daily K_c were lower than typical values obtained previously without mulching due to decreasing effect of mulching on K_c, with 0.82 and 0.80 for the 2 years, respectively. The maximum average K_c occurred at the heading stage, with 1.21 and 1.04 for the 2 years, respectively. The difference of K_c was attributed to the difference of leaf area index. The semi‐empirical practical approach could well estimate the variations of K_c, thus could be a robust and useful tool for the practical users and water managers. The contributions to daily K_c from the arid advection were 4.4–28.0% of the measured K_c. The G_c had stronger control on daily K_c at the early and later stages than at the middle stage. When G_c, leaf area index and relative soil extractable water were lower than the respective threshold values of 20 mm s^?1, 3.0 m² m^?2 and 0.5, the daily K_c increased significantly with the increase of the three factors, and almost remained constant when the three factors were beyond the threshold values. These results are helpful for quantifying contributions of individual factors to K_c, and subsequently improving water management practices according to K_c. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Thermal infrared imaging of the temporal variability in stomatal conductance for fruit trees     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2015

Repeated measurements using thermal infrared remote sensing were used to characterize the change in canopy temperature over time and factors that influenced this change on ‘Conference’ pear trees (Pyrus communis L.). Three different types of sensors were used, a leaf porometer to measure leaf stomatal conductance, a thermal infrared camera to measure the canopy temperature and a meteorological sensor to measure weather variables. Stomatal conductance of water stressed pear was significantly lower than in the control group 9 days after stress began. This decrease in stomatal conductance reduced transpiration, reducing evaporative cooling that increased canopy temperature. Using thermal infrared imaging with wavelengths between 7.5 and13 μm, the first significant difference was measured 18 days after stress began. A second order derivative described the average rate of change of the difference between the stress treatment and control group. The average rate of change for stomatal conductance was 0.06 (mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and for canopy temperature was −0.04 (°C) with respect to days. Thermal infrared remote sensing and data analysis presented in this study demonstrated that the differences in canopy temperatures between the water stress and control treatment due to stomata regulation can be validated.  相似文献   

瞬变电磁视纵向电导成像法在寻找深部隐伏金属矿中的应用     

王文忠  马国林  刘继东 《物探与化探》2011,35(4):473-476

在甘肃北山地区寻找全隐伏深部矿床的勘查中,根据工作区的地质特征,运用V8多功能电法仪,使用瞬变电磁法(TEM)对全区进行了面积扫描,运用视纵向电导成像法进行资料处理和解释,使解释的地下地质体更趋于其赋存特征,从而基本掌握了该区金属矿床赋存的电性特征,为该区的进一步勘查提供了依据。  相似文献   

Temporal and spatial variations of canopy temperature over a C3?C4 mixture grassland     

S. Shimoda  T. Oikawa 《水文研究》2006,20(16):3503-3516

This study discusses the photosynthetic pathway types involved in canopy temperature measurements on a mixed grassland consisting of C₃ and C₄ plants (dominant species in biomass were Solidago altissima (C₃), Miscanthus sinensis (C₄), and Imperata cylindrica (C₄)). In the wet conditions immediately after the rainy season, the mean canopy temperature for S. altissima was the lowest among the dominant species, mainly due to its leaf conductance being twice as large as the other two species. Despite using the same C₄ photosynthetic pathway, M. sinensis had a lower apparent canopy temperature than I. cylindrica due to a smaller proportion of sunlit elements in the field of view. In the dry conditions during late July, the mean canopy temperatures of the three dominant species were within 0·3 °C of one another. These results can be explained by poor water conditions for C₃ species (S. altissima). The simultaneous survey of vegetation and thermal imaging can help clarify characteristics of C₃ and C₄ canopy temperature over complicated grassland. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

利用泉水电导率频率分布辨别岩溶含水系统的水源组分   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

郭芳  姜光辉  刘绍华  汤庆佳 《水科学进展》2018,29(2):245-251

岩溶含水系统中水源组分的识别能帮助认识系统的结构,解决岩溶水文及水化学研究的基础问题。以灵水岩溶大泉为例,分解了4个水文年的电导率频率分布隐藏的峰,并对其所代表的水源组分进行分析。发现灵水泉口的水源组分主要有4种:① 含水系统中岩溶裂隙或管道中释放的重力水,占53%~77%;② 源于泉口附近携带污染物质的水源,占3%~7%;③ 强降雨期间通过覆盖层分散入渗的水源,或先前存贮在管道或裂隙中流动性差的水被带出含水层,占13%~42%;④ 地面径流以及直接降落到湖面的雨水,占2%~3%。将灵水的电导率频率分布与峰丛洼地的两个典型岩溶水系统对比,分析了电导率的频率分布所蕴藏的含义。研究结果为西南3 620个岩溶水系统的进一步归类提供了参考。  相似文献   

Effects of nitrogen nutritional stress on the morphological and yield parameters of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)     

Gideon O. Okunlol  Olusanya A. Olatunji  Akinjide M. Afolabi  Kolade K. Gbadegesin 《寒旱区科学》2015,7(2):137-145

This investigation was carried out to better understand the effects of nitrogen stress on the growth and yield of tomato(Solanum lycopersicon L.). Seeds of S. lycopersicon(Ife No. 1 variety) were collected from the Osun–State Ministry of Agriculture, Oshogbo, Nigeria and planted in analyzed top soil. The plants were grown for a period of five weeks within which they were supplied with water and kept under optimum environmental conditions that enhanced normal growth. After this period, the plants were subjected to different levels of nitrogen stress which include: plants supplied with distilled water only(n), plants supplied with complete nutrient solution(N), plants supplied with nutrient solution in which nitrogen concentration sources was increased by a factor of 5(N5), and plants supplied with nutrient solution in which nitrogen concentration sources was increased by a factor of 10(N10). Analysis of Variance(ANOVA) results shows that there is no significant effect of stress on the growth and morphological parameters of tomato plants. However, there was a significant effect of nitrogen stress on the yield parameters. Nitrogen stress also caused an increase in the number and size of fruits produced in plants subjected with high nitrogen concentration.  相似文献   

Field survey and modelling of irrigation water quality indices in a Mediterranean island catchment: a comparison between spatial interpolation methods     

Nikolaos Malamos  Demetris Koutsoyiannis 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(10):1447-1467

ABSTRACT

A biannual survey of physico-chemical quality indices of 104 irrigation-water wells located in a cultivated plain of a Mediterranean island catchment was conducted using a multi-parameter probe. The campaign was planned so as to differentiate between the dry and wet seasons. The acquired data constituted the test bed for evaluating the results and the features of four spatial interpolation methods, i.e. ordinary kriging, universal kriging, inverse distance weighted and nearest neighbours, against those of the recently introduced bilinear surface smoothing (BSS). In several cases, BSS outperformed the other interpolation methods, especially during the two-fold cross-validation procedure. The study emphasizes the fact that both in situ measurements and good mathematical techniques for studying the spatial distribution of water quality indices are pivotal to agricultural practice management. In the specific case studied, the spatio-temporal variability of water quality parameters and the need for monitoring were evident, as low irrigation water quality was encountered throughout the study area.  相似文献   

Root distribution of three co-occurring desert shrubs and their physiological response to precipitation   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

GuiQing Xu  Yan Li 《寒旱区科学》2009,1(2):0120-0127

Root distribution of three desert shrubs,Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.,Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.) Bunge and Reaumuria soongorica(Pall.) Maxim.was investigated under co-occurring conditions using a method for excavating the whole root system.Assimilation shoot water potential and transpiration rates were monitored during the wet-dry cycle.Leaf-specific apparent hydraulic conductance and the index of water stress impact for the three species were calculated from shoot water potential and transpiration rate.The results showed that,along the soil profile,the root system of T.ramosissima mainly distributed at 50 to 310 cm interval,with an average total absorbing root-surface area of 30,249.2 cm2 per plant;the root system of H.ammodendraom distributed at 0 to 250 cm interval with an average total absorbing root-surface area of 12,847.3 cm2 per plant;the root system of R.soongorica distributed at 0-80 cm interval,with an average total absorbing root-surface area of 361.8 cm2.The root distribution shows the following:T.ramosissima uses groundwater as its main water source;H.ammodendraom uses both groundwater and rainwater;and R.soongorica uses rainwater only.During the wet-dry cycle,the hydraulic parameters of T.ramosissima showed no responses to precipitation.R.soongorica responded most significantly,and the responses of H.ammodendraom were intermediate.In conclusion,the plant response to rain events is closely related to their root distribution and plant water-use strategy.  相似文献   

Evapotranspiration and canopy characteristics of two lodgepole pine stands following mountain pine beetle attack   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

Mathew G. Brown  T. Andrew Black  Zoran Nesic  Vanessa N. Foord  David L. Spittlehouse  Arthur L. Fredeen  Rebecca Bowler  Nicholas J. Grant  Philip J. Burton  J. A. Trofymow  Dominic Lessard  Gesa Meyer 《水文研究》2014,28(8):3326-3340

Over the past decade, British Columbia (BC), has experienced the largest mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreak on record. This study used the eddy‐covariance (EC) technique to examine the impact of the MPB attack on evapotranspiration (E) and associated canopy characteristics of two lodgepole pine stands with secondary structure (trees, saplings and seedlings surviving the attack) located in central BC. MPB‐06, an 85‐year‐old almost pure stand of pine trees, was first attacked in 2006, and by 2010, ~80% of the trees had been killed. MPB‐03, a 110‐year‐old stand with an overstory consisting of over 90% pine and a developed sub‐canopy, was first attacked in 2003 and by 2007 had > 95% pine canopy mortality. EC measurements began in August 2006 at MPB‐06 and in March 2007 at MPB‐03, and continued for four years. Annual total E ranged from 226 mm to 237 mm at MPB‐06, and from 280 to 297 mm at MPB‐03, showing relatively little year‐to‐year change at both sites over the four years. Increased E from the accelerated growth of the surviving vegetation (secondary structure, shrubs and herbs) compensated for reduction in E due to the death of the overstory. Monthly average daytime canopy conductance, the Priestley–Taylor (α), and the canopy–atmosphere decoupling coefficient (Ω) steadily increased during the growing season reaching approximate maximum values of 5 mm s^?1, 0.75 and 0.12, respectively. Potential evapotranspiration was approximated using a vapour pressure deficit‐dependent α obtained at high soil water content. Calculated water deficits indicated some water‐supply limitation to the surviving trees and understory at both sites. Rates of root zone drainage during the growing season were low relative to precipitation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献