Growth history and formation environments of ferromanganese deposits on the Philippine Sea Plate, northwest Pacific Ocean     

Akira  Usui  Ian J.  Graham  Robert G.  Ditchburn  Albert  Zondervan  Hiroshi  Shibasaki  Hajime  Hishida 《Island Arc》2007,16(3):420-430

Abstract   Hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts are widespread on the floor of the northwestern Pacific Ocean, south and east of the Japanese Islands, despite vigorous tectonic activity, such as subduction and back-arc spreading, since at least the Mid-Paleogene over the Philippine Sea Plate region and nearby. The crusts occur mainly at water depths shallower than 3000 m, but also at greater depths of up to 6000 m. Fine-scale ¹⁰Be/⁹Be dating was undertaken on several 5–10 cm thick hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts sampled from different geological environments, including inactive submarine volcanoes, tectonic escarpments and abandoned rifts. The results indicate that the crusts have grown at relatively constant rates of 4–7 mm/my without any significant time breaks. These uniform and constant growth rates suggest that the basins have been exposed constantly to oxygenated bottom waters since their formation in the Middle Miocene ( ca 15 Ma) or earlier. Local geological or oceanographic environmental changes might have slowed or increased some of the growth rates resulting in correlation of some internal structures. The Philippine Sea Plate region could have economic potential in areas of thick hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts over a wide range of water depths.  相似文献   

Environmental impact on the Roman monuments of Tarragona,Spain     

M. Vendrell-Saz  M. Garcia-Vallès  S. Alarcón  J. Molera 《Environmental Geology》1996,27(4):263-269

The extant remains of the Roman monuments of Tarragona, Spain are made of different types of Miocenic rocks from the quarries surrounding the city, which vary from calcarenite to bioclastic limestones, showing different degrees of dolomitization, depending on their diagenetic evolution. The decay of these monuments is highly dependent on the mineralogy and the fabric of the stone as well as on the environmental conditions to which the monument subjected. As a consequence, different forms of decay are observed on these monuments, namely, granular disintegration, differential erosion between sparitic and micritic areas of the rock, and development of black crust and orange patinas, some of them attributed to a sulfation process. A number of processes have been established as being responsible for the decay forms observed: sulfation on sheltered areas of the building in the urban environment; differential dilatation because of the NaCl of the marine spray that crystallizes inside the porosity; hydric and thermal expansion of the stone, both related to the amount and crystallinity of the clay minerals forming the rock matrix; and biocolonization on the stone surface. An empirical model is proposed to explain the decay forms studied in relation to these factors (rock and environment).  相似文献   

中国干旱区沙化土地绿色环保治理技术综述   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

赵洋  潘颜霞  苏洁琼  张志山 《中国沙漠》2021,41(1):195-202

土地沙化是中国面临的严重生态问题。沙化土地治理是中国生态文明建设的重点和难点,也是建设美丽中国必须要面对和解决的问题。在干旱区使用人工植被和草方格机械沙障等措施治理沙化土地效果显著,但同时也存在一定的局限性。针对这些问题,近年来中国学者研发和探索了人工生物土壤结皮等诸多新型、快速的沙化土地绿色环保治理技术。本文评述了2000年以来中国学者在这一领域开展的系列创新性研究,分析了其研究前沿和未来发展趋势,以期为全面、准确认识和评估绿色环保沙化土地治理技术提供重要依据。  相似文献   

A review of progress in identifying and characterizing biocrusts using proximal and remote sensing     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2017

Biocrusts are critical components of desert ecosystems, significantly modifying the surfaces they occupy. The mixture of biological components and soil particles that form the crust, in conjunction with moisture, determines the biocrusts’ spectral signatures. Proximal and remote sensing in complementary spectral regions, namely the reflective region, and the thermal region, have been used to study biocrusts in a non-destructive manner, in the laboratory, in the field, and from space. The objectives of this review paper are to present the spectral characteristics of biocrusts across the optical domain, and to discuss significant developments in the application of proximal and remote sensing for biocrust studies in the last few years. The motivation for using proximal and remote sensing in biocrust studies is discussed. Next, the application of reflectance spectroscopy to the study of biocrusts is presented followed by a review of the emergence of high spectral resolution thermal remote sensing, which facilitates the application of thermal spectroscopy for biocrust studies. Four specific topics at the forefront of proximal and remote sensing of biocrusts are discussed: (1) The use of remote sensing in determining the role of biocrusts in global biogeochemical cycles; (2) Monitoring the inceptive establishment of biocrusts; (3) Identifying and characterizing biocrusts using Longwave infrared spectroscopy; and (4) Diurnal emissivity dynamics of biocrusts in a sand dune environment. The paper concludes by identifying innovative technologies such as low altitude and high resolution imagery that are increasingly used in remote sensing science, and are expected to be used in future biocrusts studies.  相似文献   

西太平洋海山富钴结壳稀土元素(REE)组成原位LA-ICPMS测定   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

薛婷  孙晓明  张美  刘珊珊  何高文  王生伟  陆红锋 《岩石学报》2008,24(10):2423-2432

利用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICPMS)微区原位分析方法,对采自西太平洋海山具完整三层结构的富钴结壳样品进行了稀土元素(REE)含量测定,结果表明, 虽然均产于西太平洋海山且均具有明显的三层结构,富钴结壳化学组成受地理位置和沉积环境影响很大。绝大多数西太平洋富钴结壳具有高ΣREE、高LREE/HREE、δCe正异常和δEu基本无异常或微弱正异常的特点, 显示它们主要由正常海水沉积形成。结壳不同层圈之间REE组成有较大的区别, 其原因主要在于其形成环境和矿物组成不同。样品0327稀土元素总量(∑REE)由亮煤层到疏松层到外层逐渐升高,且亮煤层δCe和Y/Ho变化非常大,最大值分别为38.61和105.5,显示该层生长环境较为氧化且相对动荡,而样品0346中三层结构的∑REE都非常高,且变化趋势与0327正好相反,从亮煤层到致密层∑REE有降低的趋势。 亮煤层形成时海水相对较氧化的环境有利于铁锰氧化物的形成和Ce⁴⁺等稀土元素的吸附,导致其中ΣREE较疏松层和外层为高,而后期磷酸盐化导致REE元素的迁移和亏损。在结壳生长剖面上,由最外层到疏松层和亮煤层,δCe呈明显上升趋势,且变化范围趋大,说明该结壳所处的海水环境在由老至新的生长过程中由相对动荡和氧化变为相对平静和还原。  相似文献   

富钴铁锰结壳的控矿要素和成矿过程——以西太平洋为例   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

石学法  任向文  刘季花  S.I. Andreev 《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2008,27(3)

以西太平洋海山的麦哲伦海山群和马尔库斯-威克海山群为例,研究了富钴铁锰结壳（富钴结壳）形成过程中地质要素和海洋要素的作用,重点分析了海山漂移和沉降、水道开合、最小含氧带（OMZ）、大洋环流,以及气候变化等要素对富钴结壳形成的控制作用。基于对麦哲伦海山和马尔库斯-威克海山结壳样品剖面Mn／Fe值曲线的综合研究,结合控矿要素和成矿背景分析,将该区白垩纪以来富钴结壳的成矿过程划分为五个阶段：（1）自垩纪-始新世,（2）始新世末-晚渐新期,（3）晚渐新期-中中新期早期,（4）中中新期早期晚中新期早期,（5）晚中新期早期-现代,其中（2）、（3）阶段有利于发育富钴结壳。  相似文献   

大洋岛屿玄武岩低温蚀变作用及其对大洋过渡金属循环的贡献     

卜文瑞  石学法  彭建堂  刘季花  张铭杰  漆亮 《海洋学报》2007,29(5):55-68

用化学方法和ICP-MS方法分别对中、西太平洋海山富钴铁锰结壳产出区玄武岩的主元素、微量元素和稀土元素(REE)含量进行了测定,结果表明,研究区玄武岩经受了强烈的洋底低温蚀变作用,主元素成分发生了明显的变化,失去了原岩的特征.样品与新鲜大洋岛屿玄武岩(OIB)极为相似的稀土元素配分模式和微量元素含量特征表明,所研究的岩石属典型的大洋板内玄武岩.受洋底低温蚀变作用的影响,样品的Al₂O₃,Fe₂O₃,MnO、K₂O,P₂O₅含量增加,MgO,FeO的含量降低.蚀变作用使大洋岛屿玄武岩中的镁、铁等活动组分大量流失,从而表现出相对富SiO₂的特征(标准矿物计算结果中出现石英).由于蚀变作用,活动组分的流失使样品的REE相对富集,而富REE铁锰氧化物在玄武岩气孔和裂隙中的沉淀不仅使样品的REE含量增大,而且引起轻稀土元素(LREE)与重稀土元素(HREE)分馏,表现为∑c(Ce)/∑c(Yb)值增大.以REE富集机制为基础,对样品中铁锰氧化物的沉淀量和单位质量新鲜玄武岩中活动组分的流失量进行了理论计算,结果表明,因低温蚀变作用所引起的新鲜玄武岩的单位质量亏损为0.150~0.657,而单位质量新鲜玄武岩中铁锰氧化物的沉淀量为0.006~0.042.主元素中以铁、镁的流失亏损最为明显,新鲜玄武岩中铁、镁的流失比例分别为18.28%~70.95%和44.50%~93.94%,超过了岩石总量的流失亏损比例(15.0%~65.7%),因而样品相对贫铁、镁.其他元素的流失量和流失比例都很好地印证了地球化学研究的结果.样品中铝、钾、磷负的流失量是由于沸石在岩石气孔中的充填和岩石的磷酸盐化.理论计算结果和地球化学研究都表明,大洋岛屿玄武岩的低温蚀变向海水提供了大量金属,这是大洋海水中金属循环的重要环节.  相似文献   

胶莱盆地火山岩系的地球化学特征     

韩宗珠  武心尧  张继武 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》1993,(4)

利用x荧光定量光谱分析了胶莱盆地东南缘中生代青山组火山岩系18个样品的岩石化学和微量元素含量。利用岩石化学判别并结合邻区的构造地质背景,推断它们形成于中生代晚期陆间裂谷构造背景下的火山活动,是陆壳下部及上地幔部分熔融的产物,并阐述了中生代伸展构造在本区的发生和发展。  相似文献   

中太平洋海山区富钴结壳地质特征   总被引：13，自引：2，他引：13  

马维林  金翔龙  陈建林  苏新  章伟艳 《海洋学研究》2002,20(3):11-23

应用 X射线衍射分析、穆斯堡尔谱分析、X荧光光谱分析以及超微生物化石定年等方法对 1 998年和 1 999年“大洋一号”调查船 DY95 - 8和 DY95 - 1 0航次采集的富钴结壳样品进行了地质特征综合研究与分析 ,结果表明 :( 1 )该区富钴结壳可划分为板状结壳、砾状结壳和钴结核三类 ,均具有微晶质结构。 ( 2 )该区富钴结壳宏观构造主要呈板层状和圈层状构造 ;显微构造在形态上可大体分为柱状构造、平行纹理状构造和致密块状构造三种基本类型。 ( 3)该区富钴结壳主要由三类矿物组成 :锰矿物、铁矿物和杂质矿物。其中锰矿物为水羟锰矿和少量的钡镁锰矿 ,铁矿物主要为 β-羟铁矿 ,偶见赤铁矿和磁铁矿等 ,杂质矿物有石英、斜长石等。( 4 )该区富钴结壳主要成矿元素含量 :Fe为 1 6.86% ,Mn为 2 1 .2 6% ,Cu为 1 1 0 2 .0 9× 1 0 - 6 ,Co为 62 5 2 .72× 1 0 - 6 ,Ni为 40 64.62× 1 0 - 6 。 ( 5 )该区东部海山 ( N1～ N4海山 )比西部海山( N5、 N6海山 ) Fe元素含量高 ,Mn、 Cu、 Co、 Ni元素含量则低 ,这一差异源于海水中 Fe、 Mn等成矿元素的分离作用 ,其分离程度与海底火山作用时代以及相应的玄武岩海解风化时间长短有密切关系。 ( 6)结壳形成于第三纪古新世至第四纪更新世 :第一阶段从第三纪古新世到中新世 ,  相似文献   

约翰斯顿岛附近海域铁锰结壳矿物学和地球化学研究   总被引：11，自引：4，他引：11  

姚德 Wilts.  J 《海洋地质与第四纪地质》1996,16(1):33-49

铁锰结壳存在两种不同的产状，一种是铁锰氧化和的围绕“核心”生长形成的球状结壳，另一种是铁锰氧化物在基底岩石上生长形成的被状结壳。本文对Ｒ／Ｖ，Ｋａｉｍｉｋａｉ－Ｏ－Ｋａｎａｌｏａ船１９９３年１１月在约翰期顿岛附近海域取得铁锰结壳进行了矿物学和地球化学分析。该区铁锰结壳主要组成矿物为δ－ＭｎＯ２，Ｍｎ／Ｆｅ比值为２．０２，富Ｃｏ（０．８８１％），盆Ｃｕ（０．１％），稀土总量（∑ＲＥＥ）１９１８．２７  相似文献