WEATHERING PIT CHARACTERISTICS AND TOPOGRAPHY ON STONE MOUNTAIN,GEORGIA     

Thomas R. Paradise  Zhi-Yong Yin 《自然地理学》2013,34(1):68-80

A detailed analysis of weathering-pit distribution on Georgia's Stone Mountain granite dome reveals a complex relationship between pit size and density, compared with slope aspect and angle. The uniform nature of the lithology provides an ideal natural laboratory for the analysis of weathering pits. Through the random establishment of 32 dome-encircling, ten-by-ten meter study plots within an elevational range from 610 to 650 meters, the distribution, size, aspect, slope and lithology of pit features were mapped, measured, and analyzed. Thematic maps were used in the visual representation of pit distribution and dimension data. Correlation coefficients, ANOVA, and multiple regression analyses were utilized to determine the relationships of these variables. Pits showed a dimensional and density increase toward a southwestern aspect as well as a dimensional and density increase with decreasing slope angle. Greatest pit dimensions were found at approximately the 200° N azimuth. These findings lead the authors to conclude that insolation weathering may be a more important process in granite pit formation on Stone Mountain than commonly believed because afternoon temperature maxima accelerate weathering through increased chemical constituent dissolution and/or crystal constituent disintegration. [Key words: weathering pits, gnammas, granite weathering, Stone Mountain.]  相似文献   

Third-order geomorphometric variables (derivatives): definition,computation and utilization of changes of curvatures     

Jozef Minár  Marián Jenčo  Ian S. Evans  Jozef Minár Jr.  Martin Kadlec  Jozef Krcho 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(7):1381-1402

Third-order geomorphometric variables (based on third derivatives of the altitudinal field) have been neglected in geomorphometry, but their application to the delimitation of surface objects will lead to their increasing significance in future. New techniques of computation, presented and evaluated here, facilitate their use. This paper summarizes recent knowledge concerning definition, computation and geomorphologic interpretation of these variables. Formulae defining various third-order variables are unified based on the physical definition of slope gradient. Methods for their computation are compared from the point of view of method error and error generated by digital elevation model (DEM) inaccuracy. For exact mathematical test surfaces, the most natural and simple variant of the method of central differences (CD2) shows a method error 2–3 times smaller than the other methods used recently in geomorphometry. However, success in coping with DEM inaccuracy depends (for a given grid mesh) on the number and weighting of points from which the derivative is computed. This was tested for surfaces with varying degrees of random error. Here least squares-based methods are the most effective for mixed derivatives (especially for finer grids and less accurate DEMs), while a variant of the CD method, that repeats numerical evaluation of first derivatives (CD1), is the most successful for derivatives in cardinal directions. The CD2 method is generally the most successful for coarser grids where the method error is dominant.

Utilization of third-order variables is documented from examples of terrain feature (ridge, valley and edge) extraction and from a first statistical test of the hypothesis that real segments of the land surface have a tendency to a constant value of some morphometric variable. For detection of (sharp) ridges and valleys, it is shown that the rate of change of tangential curvature is inadequate: rate of change of normal curvature is also required. A basic confirmation of the constant-value tendency is provided.  相似文献   

Modelling mid‐channel bars in meandering channels     

Rossella Luchi  Guido Zolezzi  Marco Tubino 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2010,35(8):902-917

An analytical modelling framework is proposed to reproduce the frequently observed but poorly studied occurrence of mid‐channel bars in meandering channels. Mid‐channel bars occur in meanders and may characterize transitional morphologies between pure meandering and braided rivers. Based on existing field and experimental observations, we propose that two different mechanisms can generate central topographical patterns in meanders. A former mechanism (‘width‐forced’) is related to spatial width oscillations which determine a laterally symmetrical bed shear stress pattern that promotes mid‐channel bars. A second mechanism (‘curvature‐forced’) can take place also in curvilinear equiwidth streams since also longitudinal variations of channel curvature can produce laterally symmetrical alterations of the sediment transport capacity. A perturbation approach is employed to model both mechanisms within a common framework, allowing reproduction, at least qualitatively, of several observed features. While width‐forced mid‐channel bars are a symmetric linear altimetric response, to reproduce curvature‐forced mid‐channel bars requires modelling nonlinear flow‐bed topography interactions at the second order of the perturbation expansion. Hypotheses on how these mechanisms operate are further discussed through an application to field cases. The amplitude of the nonlinear response can be relevant compared to that of the point bar in equiwidth meanders and the location of mid‐channel bars seldom coincides with bend apexes, mainly depending upon the intrinsic meander wavelength. Central bars tend to symmetrically divert the flow against the two banks, a process which is proposed as a possible cause of cross‐sectional overwidening, along with the asymmetry between the rates of bank erosion and of the opposite bank accretion. The outcomes of this first modelling step on the subject allow discussion of the mutual feedback processes that characterize interactions between mid‐channel bars and width variations in river meanders. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Retrieving capillary-gravity wave spectrum from polarimetric microwave radiation of ocean surface     

YIN XiaoBin  WANG ZhenZhan & LIU YuGuang Center for Space Science  Applied Research  Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing  China  Physical Oceanography Laboratory  Ocean University of China  Qingdao 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2010,(6)

A new simple two-scale model on the polarimetric microwave emission of ocean surface is derived at first, which can be ex-pressed as an integral of weighting functions (M0 and M2) and ocean surface curvature spectrum coefficients (C0 and C2). This provides a simple way to investigate the effect of curvature spectrum on ocean emission. It is found that ocean waves with wavelengths both comparable to and much greater than the electromagnetic wavelength can contribute to the harmonics of ocean surface microwav...  相似文献   

一种微结构颗粒体分布特征的分析方法     

李顺群  冯望  王英红 《岩土力学》2013,34(3):731-736

在扫描电镜法（SEM）图像二值化基础上,建立了以颗粒体面积为变量的面积累计曲线表示方法,进而建立了该曲线的曲率系数和颗粒体面积分布特点的不均匀系数。基于瓜州砂质粉土和天津黏土的SEM图像,分析了不同面积比对应的颗粒体特征。研究表明,砂质粉土和黏土的颗粒体面积累计曲线、曲率系数和不均匀系数具有明显的差异性。砂质粉土的颗粒体面积累计曲线是一条平滑的曲线,表现为不良级配土的粒径分布特点;而黏土的颗粒体面积累计曲线具有明显的台阶,表现为某粒组缺失的粒径分布特点。另外,砂质粉土的颗粒体面积累计曲线曲率系数和不均匀系数均明显大于黏土的对应系数。该分析方法可以用来量化不同土的SEM照片之间的差异,从而为岩土微结构的定量化研究提供了一条新的思路。  相似文献   

非开挖导向强度分析及其在电力铺管设计中的应用          下载免费PDF全文

邱继东  沈浩  童红梅  乌效鸣 《探矿工程》2009,36(7):66-68

全面分析了非开挖铺管导向钻进轨迹设计的主要决定因素;合理地剖析了钻遇地层的性质及其它施工条件对导向强度的影响;提出导向强度的计算方法,更科学、准确地设计出导向孔轨迹,并应用到实际电力管道铺设导向孔三维轨迹设计中。  相似文献   

涪陵页岩气田高曲率区水平井压裂特征及调整对策          下载免费PDF全文

刘立之 《探矿工程》2017,44(2):11-16

涪陵页岩气田焦石坝区块西南部地区受多期地质构造运动叠加,构造变形强、断裂复杂。地震曲率属性显示主力气层段曲率体分布密集,虽然曲率仅表示地层弯曲变形程度,但对于页岩储层高曲率往往预示着该区域微裂隙、天然裂缝更加发育,这有利于页岩储层形成复杂裂缝网络。然而,如果天然微裂隙过早过多开启,造成压裂液大量滤失,在压裂改造过程中表现出裂缝扩展受限、砂比提升困难,与主体区相比压裂施工曲线表现出较大差异,施工难度大大增加。本文从曲率平面分布特征、曲率密度、方向性、延伸长度入手,定量化描述了曲率与压裂试气效果之间的关系;考虑区域构造、断层等因素影响,分析了几种不同高曲率带的压裂施工特征,并提出了相应的压裂工艺调整对策,为后期提高压裂改造效果、高效开发气田提供了经验参考。  相似文献   

江西城门山矿区ZKJ4-10孔螺杆定向纠斜技术          下载免费PDF全文

陈克林  罗康杰  付宝华  程洪文 《探矿工程》2017,44(1):37-40

江西省九江县城门山矿区补充勘查项目设计钻孔多为超斜孔,钻孔弯曲度要求高,施工难度大。该矿区多个钻孔都面临着纠斜的难题。本文结合矿区深孔ZKJ4-10孔定向纠斜实例,详细介绍了螺杆钻定向纠斜技术的工作原理、配套设备、操作方法及注意事项。通过矿区钻孔纠斜效果,总结了该技术的优点及不足,为今后地质深孔定向纠斜施工提供了借鉴。  相似文献   

复杂碳酸盐岩储层裂缝预测方法对比性研究   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

祖克威  程秀申  罗周亮  尹楠鑫  王楷 《地质力学学报》2018,24(4):465-473

围绕着复杂碳酸盐岩储层裂缝的预测方法,以普光地区嘉陵江组为例,在统计研究区裂缝发育规律的基础上,分别利用构造曲率法、纵波宽方位各向异性法和有限元法对裂缝进行预测,比较各个方法预测结果和适用条件。对比结果表明:曲率法基于几何学理论,可以定性的分析裂缝发育强度,无法预测裂缝方位,该方法适用于基础资料较少、构造简单、褶皱发育的地区;纵波宽方位各向异性法是地球物理法预测裂缝的首选方法,可以直接反映有效裂缝的方位和密度,但是该方法适用于倾斜裂缝和高角度裂缝发育区,对地震资料质量和处理要求较高;有限元数值模拟法从正演角度再现了裂缝形成过程,计算分析裂缝的发育强度和方位,该方法需要对研究区裂缝形成机理认识充分,预测结果的精度取决于模型的精细程度。   相似文献   

共反射面元叠加的应用理论--从共反射点到共反射面元   总被引：22，自引：5，他引：17       下载免费PDF全文

王华忠  杨锴  马在田 《地球物理学报》2004,47(1):137-142

共反射面元（CRS）叠加是目前认为最好的生成零炮检距剖面的方式. 共反射面元 意指地下某一反射点邻近的一个反射弧段,该弧段在时空域内的走时响应称为CRS叠加面,该 叠加面可视为反射弧段上各共反射点（CRP）的时空域内走时响应的组合. 在一般的共反射 点走时关系基础上,引入两种特征波——Normal波和Normal Incidence Point波,就可以在 傍轴近似假设下,将CRP走时关系推广到反射点邻近的各反射点,将这些反射点的CRP走时关系 加以组合就得到了关于该反射点的共反射面元的走时关系. 考察从共反射点（CRP）到共反 射面元(CRS)的过渡,这一过程提供了CRS叠加的应用理论基础.  相似文献