Deep-Sea Impact Experiments and their Future Requirements     

R. Sharma 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(4):331-338

In recent years, several experiments to assess the potential impacts due to deep-sea mining in the Pacific as well as the Indian Oceans have indicated the immediate changes and restoration patterns of environmental conditions in the marine ecosystem. The large volume of sediment(~ 500 × 10⁷ m³ per year) estimated to be resuspended would be the major influencing factor in environmental impact in the mining area, leading to changes in availability of certain nutrients and composition of biomass, followed by gradual restoration. Important results have been obtained from these experiments, but in order to have a better understanding of the impacts and restoration processes, it will be necessary to improvise future experiments to resemble actual deep-sea mining in terms of scale and methodology.  相似文献   

Comment on “Evaluation of palaeo-oxygenation of the ocean bottom cross the Permian–Triassic boundary” by Kakuwa (2008): Was the Late Permian deep-superocean really oxic?     

Yasuhiro Kato  Yukio Isozaki 《Global and Planetary Change》2009,69(1-2):79-81

Nearly 15 years after the proposal of the superanoxia concept (Isozaki, Y., 1994. Superanoxia across the Permo–Triassic boundary: record in accreted deep-sea pelagic chert in Japan. In: Embry, A.F., Beauchamp, B., Glass, D.J. (Eds.), Pangea: Global Environments and Resources. Memoir, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, 17, pp. 805–812.), it is an appropriate timing to re-evaluate its geological context with the updated dataset. Kakuwa (Kakuwa, Y., 2008. Evaluation of palaeo-oxygenation of the ocean bottom across the Permian–Triassic boundary. Global and Planetary Change 63, 40–56.) lately discussed that the deep-sea anoxia across the Permian–Triassic boundary (P–TB) may have been much shorter than previously proposed, on the basis of ichnofabrics and geochemical data; however, his interpretations of the data do not appear straightforward nor persuading, and thus his claim is likely misled. Here we raise comments to his explanation on the following four issues: 1) invalid application of ichnofabric indices for shallow sea sediments to deep-sea cherts, 2) misinterpretation of Ce anomaly as a redox indicator, 3) improper application of various redox sensitive trace elements, and 4) questionable interpretations of δ³⁴S data of pyrites.  相似文献   

世界二叠纪生物礁的基本特征及其古地理分布   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

范嘉松  吴亚生 《古地理学报》2005,7(3):287-304

世界上早二叠世生物礁分布于泛大陆的西北陆棚、乌拉尔山脉的西侧、美国的二叠盆地等地,并集中分布于前两个地区。其早期,以Palaeoaplysina礁或Palaeoaplysina和叶状藻礁占优势,而至晚期则形成以Shamovella (Tubiphytes)和苔藓虫为骨架的礁。中二叠世栖霞期的礁仅发现于北美格拉斯山脉、帕米尔和我国的阿尔格山等地。茅口期的礁是世界上最发育的生物礁之一,北美瓜德罗普山脉的二叠纪礁已成为世界上最典型的礁,其相带分异之清晰堪称为世界之最。北非突尼斯的礁也是研究程度较高的礁之一。中二叠世的礁以海绵、苔藓虫、Shamovella的大量出现为特征,古石孔藻、Shamovella和笛苔藓虫是常见的包覆生物。晚二叠世生物礁分布于欧洲镁灰岩统盆地、特提斯海西缘和最北缘的陆棚以及特提斯海域内的一些地体。我国晚二叠世礁十分发育,成为世界二叠纪礁的一个亮点。礁内的造架生物以珊瑚海绵为主,包括房室海绵和纤维海绵,古石孔藻和Shamovella (Tubiphytes)作为常见的包覆联结生物。  相似文献   

热带北太平洋深海小型底栖生物大尺度空间分布   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杨俊毅  王春生  刘镇盛  高爱根  王小谷 《海洋学研究》2005,23(3):23-29

通过对2001年热带北太平洋深海小型底栖生物大尺度空间的数量分布的初步调查,共发现了15个类群的小型底栖生物,其平均丰度为34.1个/10 cm2,东太平洋区的东小区小型底栖生物类群数明显高于其它区域,小型底栖生物量比例随着沉积物厚度的增加而降低,生物量比例为68%~87%的小型底栖生物集中在沉积物0~2 cm层(表层)内。食物是深海小型底栖生物分布的限制因子,沉积物类型和底层流对小型底栖生物空间分布也有一定的影响。  相似文献   

North Cape — a ‘nursery area’ for the packhorse rock lobster,Jasus verreauxi (Deeapoda: Palinuridae)     

J. D. Booth 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):521-528

In the North Cape area (34°26'S, 173°07'E) there appears to be a concentration of late juvenile packhorse rock lobsters, Jasus verreauxi (H. Milne Edwards'), which subsequently contributes significantly to the nearby fishery for adult J. verreauxi off Cape Reinga. Evidence for this is based on the overall smaller size and fewer mature rock lobsters at North Cape compared to areas nearby, and on the results of tagging experiments carried out during 1976–77. Rock lobsters tagged at North Cape moved 21–514 km, mainly west and south, before recapture at minimum rates of 0.03–2.00 krn.d^‐1. For females at least, the movement away from North Cape usually occurs at about the time that sexual maturity is attained. Rock lobsters tagged near Cape Reinga moved 3–34 km west at minimum rates of 0.04–0.35 km.d^‐1.

Although the closure of the North Cape grounds to rock lobster fishing restricts the taking of the small number of legal‐sized fish available in the area, the restriction ensures less mortality and damage to the undersized fish due to handling.  相似文献   

Microbial community structure and diversity in deep-sea hydrothermal vent sediments along the Eastern Lau Spreading Centre     

WEI Manman  ZHANG Rubing  WANG Yuguang  JI Houguo  ZHENG Ji  CHEN Xinhu  ZHOU Hongbo 《海洋学报(英文版)》2013,32(2):42-51

The aim of this study is to investigate microbial structures and diversities in five active hydrothermal fields’ sediments along the Eastern Lau Spreading Centre (ELSC) in the Lau Basin (southwest Pacific). Microbial communities were surveyed by denatured gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and clone library analysis of 16S rRNA genes. The differences in microbial community structures among sediment samples from the five deep-sea hydrothermal sites were revealed by DGGE profiles. Cluster analysis of DGGE profiles separated the five hydrothermal samples into two groups. Four different 16S rRNA gene clone libraries, representing two selected hydrothermal samples (19-4TVG8 and 19-4TVG11), were constructed. Twenty-three and 32 phylotypes were identified from 166 and 160 bacterial clones respectively, including Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Nitrospirae and Planctomycetes. The phylum Proteobacteria is dominant in both bacterial libraries with a predominance of Gamma-Proteobacteria. A total of 31 and 25 phylotypes were obtained from 160 and 130 archaeal clones respectively, including Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotic Group, Marine Group Ⅰ and Ⅲ, Marine Benthic Group E, Terrestrial Hot Spring Crenarchaeota and Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vent Euryarchaeota. These results show a variety of clones related to those involved in sulfur cycling, suggesting that the cycling and utilization of sulfur compounds may extensively occur in the Lau Basin deep-sea hydrothermal ecosystem.  相似文献   

Deep-Sea Nodules and Co-rich Mn Crusts     

G. P. Glasby  Zhilei Sun 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(1):72-78

The mining of deep-sea manganese nodules has been a topic of interest since J.L. Mero undertook his preliminary studies in the 1960s to evaluate the prospects for mining deep-sea nodules. Despite the great deal of investment in deep-sea mining over more than 40 years, there has still been no successful attempt to mine the deep-sea nodules on a commercial scale. One of the major problems is that the nodules cannot be brought to the surface with the necessary amounts of recoverable nickel, cobalt and zinc to warrant the initial high investment necessary for this operation. It therefore appears that in the short term, deep-sea manganese and Co-rich Mn crusts will not be mined on a commercial scale in the foreseeable future. Nonetheless, investigations of deep-sea mineral deposits by a number of nations will continue and enable us to understand the deep-sea environment in increasing detail, which is necessary in view of the great extent of the deep oceans which cover an area of about 66% of the Earth's surface.  相似文献   

Hummocky cross-stratification-like structures in deep-sea turbidites: Upper Cretaceous Basque basins (Western Pyrenees, France)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

THIERRY MULDER  PHILIPPE RAZIN†  JEAN-CLAUDE FAUGERES‡ 《Sedimentology》2009,56(4):997-1015

Hummocky cross-stratification is a sedimentary structure which is widely interpreted as the sedimentary record of an oscillatory current generated by energetic storm waves remobilizing surface sediment on the continental shelf. Sedimentary structures named hummocky cross-stratification-like structures, similar to true hummocky cross-stratification, have been observed in the Turonian–Senonian Basque Flysch Basin (south-west France). The bathymetry (1000 to 1500 m) suggests that the observed sedimentary structures do not result from a hydrodynamic process similar to those acting on a continental shelf. The morphology of these three-dimensional structures shares similarities with the morphology of hummocky cross-stratification despite a smaller size. The lateral extent of these structures ranges from a few decimetres to many decimetres; they consist of convex-up domes (hummock) and concave-up swales with a non-erosive base. Four types of hummocky cross-stratification-like geometries are described; they occur in association with structures such as climbing current ripple lamination and synsedimentary deformations. In the Basque Flysch, hummocky cross-stratification-like structures are only found in the Tc interval of the Bouma sequence. Hummocky cross-stratification-like structures are sporadic in the stratigraphic series and observed only in few turbidite beds or bed packages. This observation suggests that hummocky cross-stratification-like structures are linked genetically to the turbidity current but form under a very restricted range of parameters. These structures sometimes show an up-current (upslope) migration trend (antidunes). In the described examples, they could result from standing waves forming at the upper flow interface because of Kelvin–Helmholtz instability.  相似文献   

深海热液活动环境场参数及模型分析          下载免费PDF全文

夏建新  韩凝  任华堂 《地学前缘》2009,16(6):48

深海热液活动是当今科学研究的热点,本文基于近年有关热液活动的各种模型,系统分析比较了热液柱的上升高度与热通量等参数变化规律,并对现有的热液羽状流模型和考虑洋壳特性的经验模型进行了分析。主要研究结果有:(1)热液柱上升高度与底部横向流和热源特性密切相关,单个热液喷口热通量和羽状热液柱中性浮力层模型热液热通量达109W/m2;(2)热液羽状流受多种因素影响,热液柱面积的轮廓,羽状热液柱各处的含盐量、潜在温度、速度可随深度改变发生变化;(3)考虑洋壳特性后,其浮力通量和热液柱最大的上升高度均有变化,上升高度可达1000多m,热通量达108W/m2。上述模型和参数可为进一步深入研究热液羽流运动机制和建立热液活动正演和反演模型提供参考。  相似文献   

深海沉积理论发展及其在油气勘探中的意义   总被引：14，自引：2，他引：12  

李祥辉  王成善  金玮  冉波 《沉积学报》2009,27(1):77-86

深海沉积理论的进展主要涉及“鲍玛序列”、浊流、砂质碎屑流和深海层序地层四方面。以Shanmugam为代表认为:“鲍玛序列”并非唯一浊流产物,可含有砂质碎屑流、浊流、内潮汐、内波、等深流多种流体作用的结果;过去识别的“鲍玛序列”A段有浊流也有相当部分是砂质碎屑流成因,B—D段交错层理则是底层牵引流沉积产生的;只有浊流的沉积物才能称为浊积岩;“高密度浊流”是指砂质碎屑流而不是浊流;浊流是一种有牛顿流和紊乱状态的沉积物重力流;浊积岩没有复杂的颗粒悬浮层和碎石浮层,不发育逆粒序。Shanmugam等关于“鲍玛序列”这一新解是深海沉积学理论的一个进步。深海牵引流过去数十年取得了较大进步,但理论与实践脱节。深海层序地层是深海沉积理论进展的另一个方面,层序界面类型、体系域沉积有自身的独特性:层序界面至少存在斜坡侵蚀面、低水位下超面和水下沉积间断面三种;当沉积背景以陆源碎屑为主时,LST主要为盆底扇,TST和早期HST表现为非钙质远洋沉积,晚期HST一般不发育;当碳酸盐沉积为沉积背景时,LST主体为碎屑流和跨塌蹦落沉积或淡水透镜体,TST和早期HST为钙质细粒沉积,晚期HST可能存在有较小规模的钙屑海底扇。建议慎重解释“鲍玛序列”,审视“浊积扇”理论,废弃“浊积扇”概念,加强深海牵引流沉积机理方面的研究;LST浊积砂体、砂质碎屑流形成的块状不规则砂体、深海牵引流砂体可在深海储层预测方面具有巨大潜势,深海沉积作用及其过程的精细研究在指导深海油气勘探方面将会发挥越来越为重要的作用。  相似文献