黑龙江省矿山主要环境地质问题及防治对策     

李强 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2008,19(3):120-123

黑龙江省在矿产资源开采过程中产生了诸多的矿山环境地质问题。这些矿山环境地质问题可分为资源毁损、地质灾害、环境污染3大类。又可细分为土地资源压占、植被资源破坏、地下水位下降、风景景观和地质遗迹破坏、地面塌陷、地裂缝、崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、煤层自燃、煤矸石自燃、水土侵蚀、土地沙化、盐碱化、草原退化、水污染、土壤污染、大气污染等种类。这些矿山环境问题给黑龙江省的经济发展和生态环境造成了巨大的损失和危害。论文阐述了主要矿山环境问题及其危害,并提出了有关防治对策建议,以促进黑龙江省矿山环境保护与治理工作的进步。  相似文献   

Pumping decisions for sustainable development of groundwater resources in areas of grassland degradation: a case study in Lanqi Banner, Inner Mongolia, China     

Bagen Chaolun  Bin He  Ruizhong Gao  Liang Wang 《Hydrogeology Journal》2008,16(6):1101-1111

The best planting alternatives for satisfying high water use demands of forage and fodder crops in a region of Inner Mongolia, China, were determined by a multiobjective distributed-parameter groundwater management model. These alternatives took account of different cropping patterns and pumping decisions associated with both temporal and spatial aspects of water allocation. The model was developed for phreatic, homogenous, and isotropic aquifers using the response matrix technique of quadratic programming theory and, in this case, using the alternative direction implicit (ADI) scheme. Model solutions using effective rainfall with a probability of 50%, show that average water table drawdown in the planning period (2006–2017) is 0.22 m and the groundwater fluctuation in each pumping well is very low. In order to evaluate the pumping decisions under an effective rainfall with a probability of 75%, a sensitive analysis was also conducted. Analysis shows that it is useful to apply the results from the proposed model to control the landscape degradation due to overgrazing and overpumping activities.  相似文献   

遥感技术在煤炭资源开发状况监督管理中的应用研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

康高峰  卢中正李社 金谋顺 《中国煤炭地质》2008,20(1):13-16

利用高分辨率遥感图象可以快速查明煤炭资源开发状况以及煤炭资源开发的合法性（界内开采、界外开采、越界开采）等,对煤矿安全生产及维护矿业秩序具有重要意义。以我国中部某煤炭开采密集区为试验区,选择不同分辨率的遥感数据,从矿山铺助设施、道路、矿堆、矸石的特征出发,进行矿山开采状况遥感解译;以地理信息系统技术（GIS）为支撑实现采矿权数据、规划数据图层与遥感专题数据的叠加分析和相关分析,判断非法与越界矿山,评价矿产资源开发与保护规划执行情况。  相似文献   

Micro-spectroscopic investigations of highly heterogeneous waste repository materials   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

A.M. Scheidegger  D. Grolimund  C.R. Cheeseman  R.D. Rogers 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2006,88(1-3):59

Assuring safe disposal and long-term storage of radioactive and toxic wastes corresponds to a primary environmental task of present societies. To improve any technical limitation, a mechanistic understanding of the processes governing the binding of heavy metals and radionuclides is required. In this study, the significance of synchrotron-based X-ray microprobes for elucidating the spatial distribution and the speciation of radionuclides in highly heterogeneous waste repository materials will be outlined. A case study on the uptake process of Co in cementitious engineered barrier materials exposed to microbial degradation will be presented.  相似文献   

Soil quality changes in land degradation as indicated by soil chemical, biochemical and microbiological properties in a karst area of southwest Guizhou, China   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

Pingjiu Zhang  Lianqing Li  Genxing Pan  Jingchen Ren 《Environmental Geology》2006,51(4):609-619

Not only the nutritional status and biological activity but also the soil ecological functioning or soil health has been impacted profoundly by land degradation in the karst area of southwest China where the karst ecosystems are generally considered as extremely vulnerable to land degradation under intensified land-use changes. The objectives of this study are to elucidate the changes in overall soil quality by a holistic approach of soil nutritional, biological activity, and soil health indicators in the karst area as impacted by intense cultivation and vegetation degradation. Topsoil samples were collected on selected eco-tesserae in a sequence of land degradation in a karst area of southwest Guizhou in 2004. The soil nutrient pools of organic carbon (C_org), extractable extracellular carbon (C_ext), total soil nitrogen (N_t), alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (N_ah), total phosphorus (P_t), available phosphorus (P_a) were analyzed by wet soil chemistry. The soil biological properties were studied by means of measurements of microbial biomass carbon (both by fumigation–extraction, FE-C_mic, and by calculation from substrate-incubation respiration, SIR-C_mic) of respiration [respiration without addition of substrates, basal respiration (BR), and potential respiration (PR) with substrate-incubation] and of soil enzyme activities (invertase, urease, and alkaline phosphatase). Soil health status was assessed by simple indices of C_mic/C_org and BR/C_mic in conjunction with bacterial community structures determined by polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. While the nutritional pool parameters, such as C_org and C_ext, described basically the changes in soil life-supporting capacity with cultivation interference and vegetation declined, those parameters of biological activity such as FE-C_mic, SIR, and SIR-C_mic as well as bacterial community structures measured by molecular method evidenced well the changes in soil functioning for ecosystem health with the land degradation.  相似文献   

科尔沁沙地土地利用与耕作方式对土壤风蚀的影响   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

张华  季媛  苗苗 《干旱区地理》2006,29(6):861-866

土壤风蚀造成的直接生态后果是土地资源的退化。在春播前两次沙尘暴事件中,对科尔沁沙地几种具有代表性的土地类型的土壤风蚀量及土壤特性进行了野外测定、分析,结果表明:(1)在同一沙尘暴天气下,由于土地利用和耕作方式的不同,土壤风蚀量存在着差异,新垦农地和翻耕农地的风蚀量显著高于未垦草地、免耕农地和麻黄地;免耕农地则与未垦草地的风蚀量相差不大,风蚀危害较轻;麻黄地几乎不受风蚀侵害。新垦农地、翻耕农地、免耕农地、未垦草地、麻黄地两次观测的土壤风蚀量平均值依次为24.59、15.60、2.26、1.46和0.22 g/h.cm2。(2)基于土壤特性计算的土壤退化指数结果表明,新垦农地和翻耕农地发生了较为严重的退化。  相似文献   

河北省煤炭资源勘查及开发现状     

杨森丛 《中国煤田地质》2006,18(4):5-7,10

河北省含煤面积广，煤类齐全，从晚古生代到新生代共有6个聚煤期，是我国主要产煤省之一，根据河北省煤炭资源特征、开发利用情况，指出目前河北省煤炭工业发展中存在的诸如探采比例失调、新建井基地严重不足、后备资源不足等的问题，以及加强煤炭资源管理的建议。  相似文献   

ZnS柱撑高岭石-蒙脱石混层矿物纳米复合材料的制备及其光降解伊红-B的研究     

杨浩文李金洪  赵文婷苗世顶 《岩石矿物学杂志》2005,24(6):578-582

以硫尿和乙酸锌为前驱物,通过离子交换和溶液热反应的方法在有机高岭石蒙脱石混层矿物(高蒙混层矿物)层间原位合成了ZnS纳米粒子,得到ZnS柱撑高岭石蒙脱石混层矿物纳米复合材料。X射线粉末衍射分析(XRD)表明高蒙混层矿物的d001从原来的0.98nm被柱撑到1.95nm,表明层间被插入了直径小于1nm的ZnS纳米颗粒。扫描电镜(SEM)观察发现,原高蒙混层矿物的有序片层结构部分被破坏,在被剥离的片层上面均匀覆盖了ZnS颗粒聚集体,粒径在25nm左右。透射电镜(TEM)显示,ZnS颗粒聚集体是由3～5nm的颗粒堆积而成,夹杂在被剥离的高蒙混层矿物层中。选区电子衍射(SAED)和能量散射谱(EDS)测定表明形成的ZnS属于六方晶系,结晶度较低。光降解伊红_B(eosion_B)实验表明该纳米复合物具有极高的反应活性,紫外可见吸收光谱(UV_Vis)跟踪反应历程,表明降解过程中没有其他中间产物生成,20min之内降解率达到99.1%。本方法制备的ZnS柱撑高蒙混层矿物纳米复合材料与前人制备的ZnS纳米粒子相比具有更高的催化活性,方法更简单,原料较便宜,可重复利用。  相似文献   

地质灾害监测技术现状与发展趋势   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

韩子夜  薛星桥 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2005,16(3):138-141

文章对地质灾害监测方法、监测仪器进行了系统归类。详细介绍了崩滑体变形监测、物理场与化学场监测、地下水监测和滑坡等诱发因素监测方法、特点。对地质灾害监测方法的应用现状进行了总结；文章还介绍了BOTDR新技术的起源与发展、基本原理和应用于地质灾害监测的几个关键问题；对地质灾害监测方法的发展趋势进行了预测；最后文章提出了进行地质灾害监测技术优化集成的基础和优化原则。  相似文献   

地下水水质预警信息系统研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

洪梅  赵勇胜  张博 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2002,32(4):364-368,377

地下水水质预警是对地下水水质现状及变化趋势适时给出相应给别警戒信息的方法，包括状态预警和趋势预警两部分。以GIS技术为核心，将水质预警模型与GIS技术相结合，建立了地下水水质预警信息系统。并以吉林省西部平原地区地下水水质为例，研究了该区地下水水质恶化地区的分布、趋势、恶化预警等级及其成因。地下水水质预警系统为地下水资源管理，减少地下水水质恶化的风险提供了科学依据。  相似文献