Willingness to pay among households to prevent coastal resources from polluting by oil spills: A pilot survey     

Xin Liu  Kai W. Wirtz  Dietmar Kraft 《Marine pollution bulletin》2009,58(10):1514-1521

In many coastal regions oil spills can be considered to be one of the most important risks for the coastal environment. Efficient contingency management in responding to oil spills is critically important. Strategic priorities in contingency management highly depend upon the importance attributed to different economic and ecological resources such as beaches or birds. Due to the lack of a market for natural resources in the real world, these resources cannot be directly measured in monetary terms. This increases the risk that natural resources and their services are neglected in contingency decision making. This paper evaluates these natural resources in a hypothetical market by using the methodology of stated choice experiments. Results from a pilot survey show that according to the perspective of individuals, an oil spill combat process should focus on the protection of coastal waters, beaches and eider ducks.  相似文献   

Parameterizing a physically based shallow landslide model in a data poor region     

Sekhar L. Kuriakose  L. P. H. van Beek  C. J. van Westen 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(6):867-881

Shallow landslides and consequent debris flows are an increasing concern in the Western Ghats of Kerala, India. Their increased frequency has been associated with deforestation and unfavourable land‐use practices in cultivated areas. In order to evaluate the influence of vegetation on shallow slope failures a physically based, dynamic and distributed hydrological model (STARWARS) coupled with a probabilistic slope stability model (PROBSTAB) was applied to the upper Tikovil River basin (55·6 km²). It was tuned with the limited evidence of groundwater conditions during the monsoon season of 2005 and validated against observed landslide activity in the hydrological year 2001–2002. Given the data poor conditions in the region some modifications to the original model were in order, including the estimation of parameters on the basis of generalized information from secondary sources, pedo‐transfer functions, empirical equations and satellite remote sensing data. Despite the poor input, the model captured the general temporal and spatial pattern of instability in the area. Sensitivity analysis proved root cohesion, soil depth and angle of internal friction as the most dominant parameters influencing slope stability. The results indicate the importance of root cohesion in maintaining stability and the critical role of the management of rubber plantations in this. Interception and evapotranspiration showed little influence on the development of failure conditions. The study also highlights the importance of high resolution digital terrain models for the accurate mechanistic prediction of shallow landslide initiation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

平行于水平面表面渗流对生态边坡中客土稳定性影响研究     

王亮  谢健  朱伟 《岩土力学》2009,30(8):2271-2275

设定平行于水平面表面渗流情况下客土破坏模式为一条沿平面网上表面的平行于原边坡坡面的直线滑动面。根据此破坏模式,采用无限坡模型进行客土的稳定性分析,推导出有地震、平行于水平面表面渗流作用下的客土稳定厚度的通式。通过对通式中参数取值的讨论,给出了各种情况下的客土稳定设计图表。利用平行于水平面表面渗流和平行于坡面表面渗流情况下的客土稳定设计图表,进行了两种情况下客土稳定性的对比。结果表明,客土失稳厚度相同时,平行于水平面表面渗流比平行于坡面表面渗流时的客土稳定性显著降低,且客土失稳厚度越小,客土稳定性的降低更为显著。  相似文献   

近百年来中国冰川变化及其对气候变化的敏感性研究进展   总被引：18，自引：3，他引：15  

段建平  王丽丽  任贾文  李论 《地理科学进展》2009,28(2)

冰川变化是气候变化的产物,也是气候变化的指示器.在全球变暖的背景下,近百年来我国冰川消融强烈,以退缩为主.本文对近百年来我国冰川末端退缩、物质平衡变化和冰川面积变化方面的研究成果进行了综合分析.从时间和空间两方面探讨了我国冰川变化对气候变化响应的敏感性.结果表明,我国冰川末端变化对气候变化的响应在时间上要滞后10～20年,冰川末端退缩、物质平衡变化和面积变化的幅度在青藏高原边缘和周边地区要大于高原内部,对气候变化响应的敏感性也由内部向边缘增强.最后指出了我国冰川变化研究中存在的主要问题及今后发展趋势.  相似文献   

温度对FHD磁力仪观测数据噪声影响     

彭玉柱  何宇飞  夏忠  张素琴  张秀霞 《地震地磁观测与研究》2015,(2):103-107

分析国家地磁台网中心2009—2014年FHD磁力仪参考背景噪声数据,发现存在随季节变化,即随温度变化的现象,表明FHD仪观测受温度影响。分析认为,在环境噪声不变的情况下,温度变化会引起FHD仪配谐精确程度和品质因数Q值变化,使仪器选频的信噪比发生变化,从而使观测数据噪声随温度变化。要降低温度对观测数据噪声的影响,需要对仪器设计进行改进,在安装和使用时,尽量缩短FDH仪主机到探头信号线长度,且观测室建设尽量考虑保温要求。  相似文献   

Development and assessment of damage‐to‐loss models for moment‐frame reinforced concrete buildings          下载免费PDF全文

Luís Martins  Vítor Silva  Mário Marques  Helen Crowley  Raimundo Delgado 《地震工程与结构动力学》2016,45(5):797-817

The assessment of earthquake loss often requires the definition of a relation between a measure of damage and a quantity of loss, usually achieved through the employment of a damage‐to‐loss model. These models are frequently characterized by a large variability, which inevitably increases the uncertainty in the vulnerability assessment and earthquake loss estimation. This study provides an insight on the development of damage‐to‐loss functions for moment‐frame reinforced concrete buildings through an analytical methodology. Tri‐dimensional finite element models of existing reinforced concrete buildings were subjected to a number of ground motion records compatible with the seismicity in the region of interest, through nonlinear dynamic analysis. These results were used to assess, for a number of damage states, the probability distribution of loss ratio, taking into consideration member damage and different repair techniques, as well as to derive sets of fragility functions. Then, a vulnerability model (in terms of the ratio of cost of repair to cost of replacement, conditional on the level of ground shaking intensity) was derived and compared with the vulnerability functions obtained through the combination of various damage‐to‐loss models with the set of fragility functions developed herein. In order to provide realistic estimates of economic losses due to seismic action, a comprehensive study on repair costs using current Portuguese market values was also carried out. The results of this study highlight important issues in the derivation of vulnerability functions, which are a fundamental component for an adequate seismic risk assessment. © 2015 The Authors. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.  相似文献   

The erosive growth of hillside gullies          下载免费PDF全文

Calvin W. Rose  Bofu Yu  Douglas P. Ward  Nina E. Saxton  Jon M. Olley  Errol K. Tews 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2014,39(15):1989-2001

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A rotary-shear low to high-velocity friction apparatus in Beijing to study rock friction at plate to seismic slip rates   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Shengli Ma  ;Toshihiko Shimamoto  ;Lu Yao  ;Tetsuhiro Togo  ;Hiroko Kitajima 《地震学报(英文版)》2014,(5):469-497

This paper reviews 19 apparatuses having highvelocity capabilities,describes a rotary-shear low to highvelocity friction apparatus installed at Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration,and reports results from velocity-jump tests on Pingxi fault gouge to illustrate technical problems in conducting velocity-stepping tests at high velocities.The apparatus is capable of producing plate to seismic velocities（44 mm/a to 2.1 m/s for specimens of 40 mm in diameter）,using a 22 kW servomotor with a gear/belt system having three velocity ranges.A speed range can be changed by 103 or 106by using five electromagnetic clutches without stopping the motor.Two cam clutches allow fivefold velocity steps,and the motor speed can be increased from zero to 1,500 rpm in 0.1-0.2 s by changing the controlling voltage.A unique feature of the apparatus is a large specimen chamber where different specimen assemblies can be installed easily.In addition to a standard specimen assembly for friction experiments,two pressure vessels were made for pore pressures to 70 MPa;one at room temperature and the other at temperatures to 500 °C.Velocity step tests are needed to see if the framework of rate-and-state friction is applicable or not at high velocities.We report results from velocity jump tests from 1.4 mm/s to 1.4 m/s on yellowish gouge from a Pingxi fault zone,located at the northeastern part of the Longmenshan fault system that caused the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.An instantaneous increase in friction followed by dramatic slip weakening was observed for the yellowish gouge with smooth sliding surfaces of host rock,but no instantaneous response was recognized for the same gouge with roughened sliding surfaces.Instantaneous and transient frictional properties upon velocity steps cannot be separated easily at high velocities,and technical improvements for velocity step tests are suggested.  相似文献   

Ambient noise as the new source for urban engineering seismology and earthquake engineering: a case study from Beijing metropolitan area          下载免费PDF全文

Lanbo Liu  Qi-fu Chen  Weijun Wang  Eric Rohrbach 《地震科学（英文版）》2014,27(1):89-100

In highly populated urban centers, traditional seismic survey sources can no longer be properly applied due to restrictions in modern civilian life styles. The ambient vibration noise, including both microseisms and microtremor, though are generally weak but available anywhere and anytime, can be an ideal supplementary source for conducting seismic surveys for engineering seismology and earthquake engineering. This is fundamentally supported by advanced digital signal processing techniques for effectively extracting the useful information out from the noise. Thus, it can be essentially regarded as a passive seismic method. In this paper we first make a brief survey of the ambient vibration noise, followed by a quick summary of digital signal processing for passive seismic surveys. Then the applications of ambient noise in engineering seismology and earthquake engineering for urban settings are illustrated with examples from Beijing metropolitan area. For engineering seismology the example is the assessment of site effect in a large area via microtremor observations. For earthquake engineering the example is for structural characterization of a typical reinforced concrete high-rise building using background vibration noise. By showing these examples we argue that the ambient noise can be treated as a new source that is economical, practical, and particularly valuable to engineering seismology and earthquake engineering projects for seismic hazard mitigation in urban areas.  相似文献   

盾构隧道实测土压力分布规律及影响因素研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李雪  周顺华  王培鑫  李晓龙 《岩土力学》2014,35(Z2):453-459

以大量现场实测土压力为基础,分析了影响盾构隧道衬砌土压力的一些主要因素,总结出不同地层地铁盾构隧道长期稳定土压力的分布规律,并探讨了盾构施工期土压力随时空的变化情况。研究得出,地下水位高低对稳定土压力大小及分布影响较大;作用在管片上的长期土压力大小与地层衬砌刚度系数有关,当地层衬砌刚度系数为1.5时,管片竖向及水平土压力都较小;盾构施工期临时荷载对管片土压力影响不可忽视,无论是黏土地层还是砂土地层,大的注浆压力及注浆率将导致作用在管片上的稳定土压力分布不均;管片土压力可按时空分为4个阶段,拼装阶段、同步注浆阶段、浆液凝固阶段及后期稳定阶段,其中同步注浆阶段管片周边最大土压力为稳定阶段的2～3倍。  相似文献