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21.
《Marine Policy》2017
The development of seawater desalination plants to increase water reliability in coastal areas poses a threat to the health of near shore marine ecosystems and may affect the effectiveness of marine protected areas (MPAs) that have been established to meet international conservation targets. This paper applies a multi-criteria analysis approach to quantify stakeholder groups’ priorities for seawater desalination plants that have been proposed in communities adjacent to a National Marine Sanctuary. All groups placed the highest importance on minimizing environmental impacts on protected areas and endangered species that could be affected by water intake and brine discharge emphasizing the need for integrated land and sea conservation. Minimizing socio-economic impacts on coastal communities was much less important. Stakeholders also weighted reducing pressure on water levels in rivers, streams, and aquifers as more important than increasing water for residential consumption, which may foster coastal growth rather than replacing water taken from other sources. The study further revealed differences in the importance of multiple management objectives among stakeholder groups, which highlights the need to elicit distinct priorities of all groups to understand concerns and potential conflicts of desalination with existing marine users. The analysis of consistency ratios revealed that around half of all surveyed stakeholders had high inconsistencies in their responses, which suggests either a lack of understanding of desalination, or reflects the complexity of establishing desalination plants in coastal areas adjacent to a marine protected area. 相似文献
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以微机控制电化学分析系统对铵盐镍基胎体镀层的电化学机理进行研究,试验了硫酸镍用量、氯化铵用量、镀液温度和镀液的pH值对镍沉积的影响,结果表明保持镀液适当高的pH值、略低的温度和加入氯化铵,可使镍沉积的极化增大,从而使镀层晶粒变小,结晶致密,且氯化铵的加入没有改变阴极过程的控制步骤。在N iSO4.6H2O 280 g/L,NH4Cl 19 g/L,H3BO335 g/L,十二烷基硫酸钠0.1 g/L;镀液温度45℃±1℃,pH值5.2,电流密度3.6 A/dm^2条件下电镀Φ41/27 mm室内钻头,钻进可钻性Ⅷ级的绢云母化含石英斜长石玢岩,钻进时效平均达到1.94 m/h,钻头的磨损约为0.092 mm/m,与普通镍-钴胎体钻头的使用寿命相差不大;但其钻进时效要比镍-钴胎体钻头高0.18 m/h,即约高10%,为野外生产试验提供了试制钻头的可靠资料和经验。 相似文献
24.
The use of electrochemical effects in petroleum exploration and engineering–geological applications is discussed with reference to the Zhirnovsky oil and gas field where mobile forms of metals are 1.5–2 times above the background. Electrochemical stiffening applied to Maastrichtian shales, which are sliding planes of landslides in the Lower Volga area, increased their stiffness by a factor of 2 or more. 相似文献
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A. D. Koussis E. Georgopoulou A. Kotronarou K. Mazi P. Restrepo G. Destouni 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(7):1234-1245
Abstract We investigate the general methodology for an intensive development of coastal aquifers, described in a companion paper, through its application to the management of the Akrotiri aquifer, Cyprus. The Zakaki area of that aquifer, adjacent to Lemessos City, is managed such that it permits a fixed annual agricultural water demand to be met, as well as and a fraction of the water demand of Lemessos, which varies according to available surface water. Effluents of the Lemessos wastewater treatment plant are injected into the aquifer to counteract the seawater intrusion resulting from the increased pumping. The locations of pumping and injection wells are optimized based on least-cost, subject to meeting the demand. This strategy controls sea intrusion so effectively that desalting of only small volumes of slightly brackish groundwater is required over short times, while ~2.3 m3 of groundwater is produced for each 1 m3 of injected treated wastewater. The cost over the 20-year period 2000–2020 of operation is ~40 M€ and the unit production cost of potable water is under 0.2 €/m3. The comparison between the deterministic and stochastic analyses of the groundwater dynamics indicates the former as conservative, i.e. yielding higher groundwater salinity at the well. The Akrotiri case study shows that the proposed aquifer management scheme yields solutions that are preferable to the widely promoted seawater desalination, also considering the revenues from using the treated wastewater for irrigation. Citation Koussis, A. D., Georgopoulou, E., Kotronarou, A., Mazi, K., Restrepo, P., Destouni, G., Prieto, C., Rodriguez, J. J., Rodriguez-Mirasol, J., Cordero, T., Ioannou, C., Georgiou, A., Schwartz, J. & Zacharias, I. (2010) Cost-efficient management of coastal aquifers via recharge with treated wastewater and desalination of brackish groundwater: application to the Akrotiri basin and aquifer, Cyprus. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(7), 1234–1245. 相似文献
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INTR0DUCnONAlloycoatingscandetivelyproteCtsteelagainstcormsioninseri0uscormsionenvir-orunent,suchasthedrinesplashandtidalzones-TwoInainhodiptincaldrinumalloycOaingswidelyusedcommroiallyareGalfancoaing(contalningZn-5wt%kl-us)devel-oPedbytheIntemaionaltalZincReenhheZaionandhocoating(c0n-talningZn-55Wt%Al-1.6Wt%Si)develoPedbytheBethlehemSteelCorpOration-Anewrinc-basedalloycOaingdevel0PedbyNortheaStemUniversityisdiscussedinthesPaperbyelecthehendcalmethod.FromSun(l996),welmOWthecorms… 相似文献
28.
电渗析脱盐时威尔逊公式修正的新方法 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文列举了铝制品洗白碱性废水[1]、海水第二脱盐段①和人工配制NaCl水溶液②三种水质,采用伏-安法测定权限电流密度后,用三步作图法,分别求出威尔逊修正式中的系数K,浓度指数m和流速指数n,建立了威尔逊修正公式的新模式:I_(lim_=KC~mC~(a+bc)本模式适用于组份复杂、浓度变化范围大的水溶液体系。用该模式计算的极限电流密度值与实验测定值之间的偏差在±10%之内,具有很好的实用性。 相似文献
29.
为科学选择海水淡化浓盐水排海方案,运用MIKE3数值模拟软件,选取福建晋江附近海域,建立了海水淡化浓盐水排海三维数值模型,模型水位振幅误差在10 cm以内,流速、流向计算结果与实测值变化规律一致,精度符合要求。考虑多端口、排放口间距、喷射速度等因素对浓盐水稀释的影响,选取了4种不同的浓盐水排放方案,开展了海水淡化浓盐水排放扩散模拟,计算了不同排海方案下盐升包络面积。结果表明,晋江海域浓盐水排放量为3.5万t/d的海水淡化工程采用扩散器后盐升分布面积显著减少,采用多个排放口且每个排放口多个端口喷射的排放方案,可明显增强浓盐水在受纳海域中的扩散稀释效果,盐升3的分布面积可减少近一半。建议加强我国海水淡化工程浓盐水排海扩散器的研究与应用,保护受纳海域海洋生态环境。 相似文献
30.
沿海地区氯盐侵蚀会对混凝土结构造成严重的耐久性问题,混凝土设计使用寿命难以保障。对于新建工程,若在自由水含量较高混凝土养护期进行电迁阻锈处理,则有利于电迁移性阻锈剂在钢筋周围聚集以达到更佳的阻锈效果。为此,针对两种电迁移性阻锈剂对处于氯盐侵蚀环境中的混凝土适用性展开研究,并测试了干湿循环前后混凝土内钢筋电化学参数、氯离子扩散特征及钢筋周围电迁移性阻锈剂含量研究两种电迁移性阻锈剂对混凝土耐久性保障的作用。结果表明,试验中养护期介入电迁阻锈后试件阻锈效果良好,经过干湿循环后钢筋腐蚀电位正向高于-162.6 m V,同时,钢筋附近出现明显的阻锈剂聚集现象,能保持钢筋的钝化状态。 相似文献