Individual transferable quotas versus auctioned seasonal quotas: An experimental investigation     

Erling Moxnes 《Marine Policy》2012,36(2):339-349

Fishery policies have largely developed in response to revealed problems with existing policy instruments. The last major innovation is the introduction of individual transferable quotas, ITQs. Experience thus far is promising. However, if history repeats itself, it is pertinent to start exploring further improvements. Among other things, concerns may be raised about the efficiency of ITQs, financial risks to owners of quotas and fishing vessels, and problems with fairness and collection of resource rent. These issues are studied with a laboratory experiment. Different from previous experiments it allows for trade of both quotas and vessels. In addition, the experiment tests an alternative institutional arrangement, namely auctioned seasonal quotas, ASQs. Neither of the two systems turns out to be as perfect as economic theory predicts. While the two systems are similar in some respects, the ASQ system allows for taxation of resource rent, and surprisingly, it may be the system with the lowest financial risk for fishing firms.  相似文献   

东山湾海水中Fe(II)和Fe(III)相互转化围隔实验研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

黄旭光  李顺兴  陈乙平  蔡添寿 《海洋科学》2012,36(2):103-109

根据2008 年8 月与11 月在东山湾海域获得的调查资料对表层水中溶解态Fe(II)和Fe(III)含量、浮游植物叶绿素a、营养元素及其浓度等环境参数进行分析。结果表明, 夏、秋季海水中Fe(II)浓度及其在总溶解铁中所占比例均与浮游植物叶绿素a 呈正相关, 其相关系数分别为0.7959、0.9219。现场围隔实验表明, 海水中总溶解态Fe 含量在24 h 内有较大的变化, 最大减少量达到17.4%。DS2 站点海水中Fe(II)浓度及其在总溶解铁中所占比例随光照强度增加而增加。最高值与初始值相比较, 叶绿素a 较高的DS2 站点海水中Fe(II)浓度增加较叶绿素a 较低的DS5 号站点高0.053μg/L。Fe(II)和Fe(III)加富实验研究了溶解态的Fe(II)和Fe(III)在海水中相互转化。高浓度的Fe(II)在海水中被氧化成Fe(III),海水中浮游植物也会引发光还原作用使Fe(III)还原成Fe(II)。  相似文献   

Experimental study of pore water pressure and bed profile change under regular breaking waves   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

程永舟  蒋昌波  赵利平  潘昀  李青峰 《中国海洋工程》2012,26(3):457-468

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Field experiments to improve the efficacy of gargoor (fish trap) fishery in Kuwait’s waters     

������ 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2012,30(4):535-546

Fish traps were investigated to understand the effects of season, bait type, trap size, and trap soak time on catch rates, catch composition, and trap loss rates from March 2004 to September 2005, to improve the performance and management of Kuwait’s gargoor (cage style fish trap) fishery, which used to be the nation’s most important one in terms of value and landings volume. Catch rates were the highest in April/May (5-8 kg/trap haul) and again in December (7 kg/trap haul). Bait type and trap size also affected catch rates and species composition. Of the seven baits tested, the best catch rates, >5 kg/trap haul, occurred with cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis), but wolf-herring (Chirocentrus dorab) and mullet (Liza klunzingeri) also produced good results (4-5 kg/trap haul). Within the five tested sizes, the two largest-sized traps captured more fish and larger size fish. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences of catch rate among traps with different baits as well as among traps of different sizes. Duncan test further revealed these differences between two specific baits and sizes. Cluster Analysis of species composition showed more differences among different baits than among different trap sizes. Longer soak times did not result in larger catch rates, but increased trap loss. About 10-day soak time resulted in trap loss 7%, while 40-day soak time could result in a loss of around 20%. Consequently, it is recommended that the gargoor be checked every 10 or fewer days. The average overall catch rate during the study period was lower than that of 1980s (4.5 vs. 5.8 kg/trap haul), indicating a possible decline of fish abundance in Kuwait’s waters. It is recommended that the number of gargoor fishing boats and gargoors from each boat should be limited to allow stock rehabilitation.  相似文献   

Mobility of lowland stream Trichoptera under experimental habitat and flow conditions   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Piet F.M. Verdonschot  Anna A. Besse-LototskayaDorine B.M. Dekkers  Ralf C.M. Verdonschot 《Limnologica》2012,42(3):227-234

The species-specific mobility of six species of lowland stream Trichoptera was studied in flume experiments with different habitats and current flows. The test species were selected according to their occurrence along the environmental gradient from more natural towards highly disturbed sandy, lowland streams of the North-West European plain. Two groups of species were distinguished, three species occurring more frequently towards the natural end versus three occurring more frequently towards the disturbed end of the stream disturbance gradient. Experiments were conducted in a temperature and light controlled environment in indoor, re-circulating, man-made stream channels with four replicate gutters each. The bottom of each gutter held ten trays filled with five selected habitat materials (two trays each), which provided refugia and food. Three flow treatments with constant current velocities of 10, 30, or 50 cm/s were applied. Movements were scored based on visual observations of the position of each individual at fixed time points. The first day after release, individuals moved around very actively; this ‘release effect’ was removed from further analyses. The trichopteran species occurring near the more natural end of the disturbance gradient exhibited significantly less mobility (on average 10-15% of individuals actively moved around) than the species from the more disturbed end of the gradient (on average 30-40% of individuals actively moved around). The first group of trichopteran species also spent significantly longer times in the leaves habitat compared to the other three species, which moved more or less independent of habitat. With increasing current velocity, all test species moved more frequently, particularly the species from the more disturbed end of the gradient. This could indicate behavior to avoid dislodgement. The mobility of all species exceeded the mobility needed to use habitat resources of food and shelter, both present in excess. Therefore, short-term movement could also be (partly) a random behavior. Overall, the more tolerant species from the disturbed end of the gradient showed more mobility and flexibility than the species occurring under more or less natural stream conditions. This was consistent with the hypothesis that mobility is an adaptation of tolerant, ubiquitous species. Mobility is an adaptation of r-strategists.  相似文献   

构造应力场与煤及瓦斯突出的关系   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

程军  张丽红  吴国代  刘敬青  刘梓萱 《煤田地质与勘探》2012,40(4):1-4,11

地质构造对煤与瓦斯突出具有明显的控制作用,以往多是定性的分析和统计研究。通过构造应力场理论及相似模拟实验,分析了构造应力场与煤及瓦斯突出的关系。对相似实验结果进行对比分析,结合煤及瓦斯突出与褶曲构造展布关系实例,研究了褶曲构造不同部位应力分布特征及其对瓦斯突出的控制作用。结果显示:背斜翼部挤压区和转折区是煤及瓦斯突出的最危险地带;背斜轴部区一般不会出现严重的煤及瓦斯突出。   相似文献   

ATOVS 不同卫星资料在台风模拟中的同化试验研究   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

李兴武  董海萍  郭卫东  高太长 《热带气象学报》2012,(2):157-166

利用美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)开发的中尺度模式WRF(ARW)V3.2 及其三维变分同化系统WRF-3DVAR,以1011 号超强台风“ 凡亚比” 为个例,采用连续循环同化的方法对ATOVS 卫星资料进行同化试验,探讨了同化ATOVS 不同卫星资料对“ 凡亚比” 模拟的影响。结果表明,强度影响方面:同化ATOVS不同资料均可有效改善台风强度,台风中心海平面气压平均偏差从42 hPa 下降到18 hPa,但不同资料间的差异并不显著,平均在6 hPa 以内,这表明仅同化ATOVS 资料对台风强度的改善相对有限。路径影响方面:(1)不同卫星的同一种传感器资料效果略有不同,同化NOAA-18 和NOAA-15 的AMSU-A 资料效果较好,NOAA-16 的AMSU-A 效果较差;同化NOAA-15 和NOAA-16 的AMSU-B 资料效果相当,且均优于AMSU-A 资料。(2) 同一颗卫星不同传感器资料的差异较大,同化AMSU-B 资料的改善较为明显,HIRS-3 次之,AMSU-A较差,而同时同化不同资料并没有带来更为明显的改善。(3) 同时同化多颗卫星ATOVS 资料的试验表明,将多种资料引入到同化系统的同时,也带来相应的累积误差,因而仅同化一颗卫星可能比同时同化两颗或三颗卫星ATOVS 资料的效果要好。   相似文献   

侧向应力扰动对断层摩擦影响的实验研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

崔永权  马胜利  刘力强 《地震地质》2005,27(4):645-652

利用双向伺服控制装置,对含有与最大主压应力σ1呈45°夹角的预切面的花岗闪长岩标本进行了摩擦实验,结果表明,在σ1方向位移速率恒定、侧向应力σ2恒定的条件下,粘滑间隔随滑动面上正应力的增加而增加,粘滑应力降也随滑动面上正应力的增加而呈线性增加。但当σ2叠加了高频小振幅的正弦波扰动时,这种相关性发生了明显的变化,应力降大小和粘滑间隔的离散度均显著提高,特别是应力降可能会大幅度增加。与σ1扰动的实验结果相比,σ2扰动对断层粘滑的影响更为显著,这主要归因于正应力变化使滑动面的非均匀性加剧  相似文献   

多级多层复合滑坡工程病害的试验研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

杨涛  周德培  周应华  邓宏艳 《工程地质学报》2005,13(3):325-329

张家坪滑坡具有多级多层的复杂滑体结构,本文选取最典型的断面开展了大型地质力学模型试验,模拟了边坡的开挖过程,并采用均匀毛细浸润技术研究雨水作用下的坡体稳定性,通过有无支挡的两阶段试验对比,分析了多级多层复合滑坡的变形失稳机制和工程病害,以及相应抗滑支挡结构的加固效果。  相似文献   

库车坳陷克拉2气田超压成因研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

张洪  庞雄奇  姜振学 《地球学报》2005,26(2):163-168

物理实验模拟是研究油气运移和聚集的重要手段和方法。而天然气物理模拟实验则是一个研究相对不足而又非常重要的领域,它的操作和完善可以大大促进中国西部天然气勘探,直接影响着西气东输的国策。本文正是涉及这个领域,选取库车坳陷克拉2气田作为研究对象,模拟了其成藏模式,对其超压的特性进行了研究,认为构造挤压和充气增压是引起克拉2气田超压的主要原因,而充气增压的具体机制则是多级补给,也就是下部的冲起构造作为供源为上部的克拉2构造供气,促使其丰度和压力都升高。  相似文献