浅谈如何编好对外援助项目的工程概算     

张晓菲 《中国勘察设计》2011,(5):79-82

准确的工程概算和资料搜集对.外项目的顺利实施起着非常重要的作用,分析了编制.外工程概算的内容及方法,提出了做好编制工程概算应注意的问题。  相似文献   

中国旅游业能源消耗与二氧化碳排放量估算(英文)     

吴普  石培华 《地理学报(英文版)》2011,21(4):733-745

In 2009, nearly 900 million international tourist arrivals were counted worldwide. A global activity of this scale can be assumed to have a substantial impact on the environment. In this contribution, five major aspects such as the change of LUCC and the use of energy and its associated impacts had been recognized. Recently, the impact of tourism on environment and climate attracts the attention of international organizations and societies in pace with rapid development of tourism industry. Energy consumption and CO2 emissions in tourism sector are becoming a hot spot of international tourism research in recent five years. The use of energy for tourism can be divided according to transport-related purposes (travel to, from and at the destination) and destination-related purposes excluding transports (accommodation, food, tourist activities, etc.). In addition, the transports, accommodation and foods are related to many other industries which are dependent on energy. Thus, the estimations of energy consumption and CO2 emissions in tourism sector have become a worldwide concern. Tourism in China grows rapidly, and the number of domestic tourists was 1902 million in 2009. Energy use and its impact on the environment increase synchronously with China’s tourism. It is necessary to examine the relationship between energy use and CO2 emissions. In this article, a preliminary attempt was applied to estimate the energy consumption and CO2 emissions from China’s tourism sector in 2008. Bottom-up approach, literature research and mathematical statistics technology were also adopted. According to the calculations, Chinese tourism-related may have consumed approximately 428.30 PJ of energy in 2008, or about 0.51% of the total energy consumptions in China. It is estimated that CO2 emissions from tourism sector amounted to 51.34 Mt, accounting for 0.86% of the total in China. The results show that tourism is a low-carbon industry and also a pillar industry coping with global climate change, energy-saving and CO2 emission reduction. Based on this, the authors suggested that tourism should become an important field in low-carbon economic development.  相似文献   

历史强震编目中对无破坏记载地震参数的估定   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

刘叶根 《东北地震研究》1993,(3)

本文分析了“中国历史强震目录”中无破坏记载地震的时、空、强特点,给出了估定无破坏记载地震参数的方法。”同时对方法适用的地区、估定震级的偏差、以及方法的物理意义做了讨论。  相似文献   

浅谈粗差探测方法     

傅伟  胡辉  龙美林 《北京测绘》2011,(3):51-54

由于受到自然界、仪器、人为等一些因素的影响,观测数据中不但存在偶然误差而且还存在着由这些因素引起的粗差。因此,对观测数据进行认真检测,定位并修正粗差观测,以提高参数估计的准确度和精度,一直是测绘工程领域的热点问题。本文对粗差探测进行了简要概述,同时详细地介绍了三种粗差探测方法。  相似文献   

安徽庐枞地区铁矿资源量估算及结果对比     

吴礼彬  高曙光  赵先超  陈静静  孙明明  杨道堃 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2013,43(4):1119-1128

矿产资源定量估算是矿产资源评价的重要内容,针对安徽庐枞地区陆相火山岩型铁矿的罗河式、龙桥式2种类型,利用地质体积法、数量化理论Ⅰ、专家估分法、品位-吨位模型法及磁测定量估算法5种比较常用的资源量估算方法分别对该区铁矿进行了资源量估算。对比分析5种方法估算结果:磁测定量估算法估算的Ⅱ级资源量(5.02亿t)结果偏低、Ⅲ级资源量(30.46亿t)偏大;专家估分法估算资源量(4.55亿t)是最低的结果;品位-吨位模型法估算资源量(13.35亿t)结果偏低;数量化理论Ⅰ应用数学模拟估算结果(20.22亿t)偏大;地质体积法充分利用了各种地质条件,估算的资源量(14.90亿t)符合该区实际。据此,地质体积法适用性较好。  相似文献   

Catch trends in Philippine small-scale fisheries over the last five decades: The fishers׳ perspectives     

《Marine Policy》2014

  相似文献   

Generalized penalized least squares and its statistical characteristics     

Ding Shijun  Tao Benzao 《地球空间信息科学学报》2013,16(4):255-259

The solution properties of semiparametric model are analyzed, especially that penalized least squares for semiparametric model will be invalid when the matrixBTPB is ill-posed or singular. According to the principle of ridge estimate for linear parametric model, generalized penalized least squares for semiparametric model are put forward, and some formulae and statistical properties of estimates are derived. Finally according to simulation examples some helpful conclusions are drawn.  相似文献   

Testing the Universal Soil Loss Equation‐MB equation in plots in Central and South Italy     

Costanza Di Stefano  Vincenzo Pampalone  Francesca Todisco  Lorenzo Vergni  Vito Ferro 《水文研究》2019,33(18):2422-2433

Planning soil conservation strategies requires predictive techniques at event scale because a large percentage of soil loss over a long‐time period is due to relatively few large storms. Considering runoff is expected to improve soil loss predictions and allows relation of the process‐oriented approach with the empirical one, furthermore, the effects of detachment and transport on soil erosion processes can be distinguished by a runoff component. In this paper, the empirical model USLE‐MB (USLE‐M based), including a rainfall‐runoff erosivity factor in which the event rainfall erosivity index EI₃₀ of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) multiplies the runoff coefficient Q_R raised to an exponent b₁ > 1 is tested by the measurements carried out for the Masse (10 plots) and Sparacia (22 plots) experimental stations in Italy. For the Masse experimental station, an exponent b₁ > 1 was also estimated by tests carried out by a nozzle‐type rainfall simulator. For each experimental site in fallow conditions, the effect of the sample size of the plot soil loss measurements on the estimate of the b₁ coefficient was also studied by the extraction of a fixed number N of randomly obtained pairs of the normalized soil loss and runoff coefficient. The analysis showed that the variability of b₁ with N is low and that 350 pairs are sufficient to obtain a stable estimate of b₁. A total of 1,262 soil loss data were used to parameterize the model both locally and considering the two sites simultaneously. The b₁ exponent varied between the two sites (1.298–1.520), but using a common exponent (1.386) was possible. Using a common b₁ exponent for the two experimental areas increases the practical interest for the model and allows the estimation of a baseline component of the soil erodibility factor, which is representative of the at‐site soil intrinsic and quasi‐static properties. Development of a single USLE‐MB model appears possible, and sampling other sites is advisable to develop a single USLE‐MB model for general use.  相似文献   

Lq估计的渐近方差-协方差矩阵及其特点   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

彭军还  陶本藻  黄珹  叶叔华 《测绘学报》2004,33(4):293-298

针对由独立同分布误差膨胀而成的独立不等精度误差,根据未知参数的M估计的Bahadur型线性表达式,本文导出了由观测量、残差向量、参数估计量和观测量平差向量组成的基本向量的Bahadur型表达式.进一步地,根据方差传播定律导出了M估计的基本向量的渐近方差-协方差矩阵,该矩阵由3个多余参数决定,第三多余参数由本文定义.对Lq范估计,分别计算了误差分别为正态分布和q范分布时的3个多余参数,以及相应的基本向量的方差协方差矩阵.对最小二乘估计,残差向量与参数估计量和观测量的平差向量统计独立,相应的协方差矩阵为零,这一性质与误差分布无关.对正态分布的Lq估计,残差向量与参数估计量和观测量平差向量的协方差不为零;而对q范分布的Lq估计,即是相应的极大似然估计,残差向量与参数估计量和观测量平差向量的协方差为零.文中所得公式和结论可用于统计分析.  相似文献   

Occurrence of Hydroclathrus clathratus in northern New Zealand waters     

K. A. Johnson  F. I. Dromgoole 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):269-273

Hydroclathrus clathratus (C. Agardh) Howe (Phacophyta: Punctariales) is recorded from two harbours on the Northland east coast, North Island, New Zealand. The possibility of its being a recently introduced species is discussed.  相似文献