Modeling environmental effects on the size-structured energy flow through marine ecosystems. Part 2: Simulations     

Olivier Maury  Yunne-Jai Shin  Blaise Faugeras  Tamara Ben Ari  Francis Marsac 《Progress in Oceanography》2007,74(4):500-514

Numerical simulations using a physiologically-based model of marine ecosystem size spectrum are conducted to study the influence of primary production and temperature on energy flux through marine ecosystems. In stable environmental conditions, the model converges toward a stationary linear log–log size-spectrum. In very productive ecosystems, the model predicts that small size classes are depleted by predation, leading to a curved size-spectrum.It is shown that the absolute level of primary production does not affect the slope of the stationary size-spectrum but has a nonlinear effect on its intercept and hence on the total biomass of consumer organisms (the carrying capacity). Three domains are distinguished: at low primary production, total biomass is independent from production changes because loss processes dominate dissipative processes (biological work); at high production, ecosystem biomass is proportional to primary production because dissipation dominates losses; an intermediate transition domain characterizes mid-production ecosystems. Our results enlighten the paradox of the very high ecosystem biomass/primary production ratios which are observed in poor oceanic regions. Thus, maximal dissipation (least action and low ecosystem biomass/primary production ratios) is reached at high primary production levels when the ecosystem is efficient in transferring energy from small sizes to large sizes. Conversely, least dissipation (most action and high ecosystem biomass/primary production ratios) characterizes the simulated ecosystem at low primary production levels when it is not efficient in dissipating energy.Increasing temperature causes enhanced predation mortality and decreases the intercept of the stationary size spectrum, i.e., the total ecosystem biomass. Total biomass varies as the inverse of the Arrhenius coefficient in the loss domain. This approximation is no longer true in the dissipation domain where nonlinear dissipation processes dominate over linear loss processes. Our results suggest that in a global warming context, at constant primary production, a 2–4 °C warming would lead to a 20–43% decrease of ecosystem biomass in oligotrophic regions and to a 15–32% decrease of biomass in eutrophic regions.Oscillations of primary production or temperature induce waves which propagate along the size-spectrum and which amplify until a “resonant range” which depends on the period of the environmental oscillations. Small organisms oscillate in phase with producers and are bottom-up controlled by primary production oscillations. In the “resonant range”, prey and predators oscillate out of phase with alternating periods of top-down and bottom-up controls. Large organisms are not influenced by bottom-up effects of high frequency phytoplankton variability or by oscillations of temperature.  相似文献   

An analysis of second-order wave forces on floating bodies by using a higher-order boundary element method     

Yoon R. Choi  Sa Y. Hong  Hang S. Choi 《Ocean Engineering》2001,28(1):93

The wave diffraction and radiation problem is studied numerically by using a higher-order boundary element method. The convergence of the higher-order boundary element method is tested systematically for bodies of different shapes. For the second-order force, particular attention is paid to the contribution of the second-order potential, following the line of Molin's approach. For numerical evaluation, the free surface is divided into three subregions; inner, intermediate and outer ones. In the inner region, the integral is evaluated numerically by using higher-order boundary elements. In the intermediate region, semi-analytic form is constructed with the help of eigen functions. In the outer domain, the analytic solution is available. This subdivision scheme reduces the numerical burden remarkably.  相似文献   

渤海湾北部海域表层海水的表观铜络合容量   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

江志华  马启敏  于志刚  张艳艳 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2005,35(3):455-458

为给渤海湾北部海域重金属铜环境容量研究提供科学依据，采用阳极溶出伏安法对该海域12个站位表层海水样品的表观铜络合容量(ACuCC)和条件稳定常数(K)以及络合容量指数(CCI)进行了测定和计钟：。得到该海区表层海水的表观铜络合容量在228．0～673．4nmol／L之间，平均值为437．5nmol／L，条件稳定常数对数值(IgK)变化范围在7．41～8．84之间，平均值为7．89，络合容量指数在72．69％～92、92％之间，平均值为82．93％。表明该海域表层海水对重金属铜具有较强的络合能力。  相似文献   

应用生态模型研究近海贝类养殖的可持续发展   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1  

朱明远  张学雷  汤庭耀  FERREIRA J G  方建光  王兴章 《海洋科学进展》2002,20(4):34-42

建立了一个贝藻混养生态模型，并应用于桑沟湾栉孔扇贝、太平洋牡蛎和海带混养生态系统的模拟。这一模型在个体生长模型的基础上模拟种群的生长情况；通过模拟不同播苗养殖和收获方式下的产量，以及不同混养方式对海洋生态系统的影响来确定养殖容量。采用该模型的研究结果表明：当养殖密度分别增加到目前扇贝和牡蛎放苗量的2倍和15倍时总产量最高(达到养殖容量)，但单位面积产量和产量／播苗比减少，因此效益是下降的；扇贝放苗量增加到目前的15倍，牡蛎增加到30倍时会导致养殖生产崩溃，同时生态系统也发生改变：在目前养殖密度下，桑沟湾向黄海输出初级生产产品，但是当放苗密度增加到15～20倍时，桑沟湾需要黄海向其输入初级生产产品。上述结果表明，该模型可以迅速模拟养殖生物量和生态系统的变化，在多元养殖管理中可作为一种有效的管理工具。  相似文献   

Physical versus harvest-based measures of capacity: the case of the United Kingdom vessel capacity unit system   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  

Pascoe  Sean; Coglan  Louisa; Mardle  Simon 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2001,58(6):1243-1252

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法向承力锚极限抗拔力特性     

刘海笑  杨晓亮 《海洋工程》2006,24(4):8-14

法向承力锚是一种新型的适用于深海工程的系泊基础,其极限抗拔力是锚在工程应用中的关键指标。尝试用两种不同的方法评估法向承力锚的极限抗拔力,其一是基于塑性上限分析理论;其二是运用非线性有限元数值方法。与已有的经验公式相比,所建立的计算模型不仅可考虑海床土性质,还能反映锚板定位(嵌入深度及角度)以及系缆力角度对锚极限抗拔力的影响。在与已有评估方法进行比较的基础上,还特别对锚板的嵌入深度、角度以及系缆力角度变化对极限抗拔力的影响规律进行了分析,对三种方法的适用性进行了评述。  相似文献   

微齿喜马拉雅低额溞生长及种群增长的研究     

施心路  于丽杰  张大维  史新柏 《海洋与湖沼》1997,28(3):262-270

于1990年6月在哈尔滨市东北林业大学实验林场一水池中采到微齿喜马拉雅低额溞，根据实验结果应用生物统计学方法对它的生长和种群增长进行研究。结果表明，在不同温度条件下性成熟时间与水温的关系为，雌性（10-30°C）：h=8072t^-1.313（r=0.985, P＜0.01）；雄性（5-25°C）：h=1074t^-0.855（r=0.9844，P＜0.01）。在20±1°C条件下，其体长增长模型为：l_t=3.334-2.7345e^-0.1117t。龄期（x）与年龄（t，d）的关系为：雌体：t=0.07169x²＋1.3808x-1.7361；雄体：t=0.8425x²＋2.534x-1.8600。内禀增长率（r_m）为0.4076。种群增长呈“logistic”型，其方程式为：y=3625/[1+e^{(3.848-0.164t)}]。  相似文献   

Stable isotope analysis of Pacific salmon: insight into trophic status and oceanographic conditions over the last 30 years     

Franklin R. Satterfield  IV  Bruce P. Finney   《Progress in Oceanography》2002,53(2-4)

Food web interactions and the response of Pacific salmon to physical processes in the North Pacific Ocean over interannual and interdecadal timescales are explored using naturally occurring stable isotope ratios of carbon (¹³C/¹²C) and nitrogen (¹⁵N/¹⁴N). Stable isotope analyses of five species of sexually mature North Pacific salmon from Alaska (Oncorhynchus spp.) cluster into three groups: chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) have the highest values, followed by coho (O. kisutch), with chum (O. keta), sockeye (O. nerka), and pink (O. gorbuscha) together having the lowest values. Although detailed isotopic data on salmon prey are lacking, there are limited data on relevant prey items from areas in which they are found in high abundance. These data suggest that the characteristics of the sockeye, pink and chum we have analyzed are compatible with their diets including open ocean squid and zooplankton, which are in general agreement with stomach content analyses. Isotope relationships between muscle and scale show consistent relationships for both δ¹³C (R²=0.98) and δ¹⁵N (R²=0.90). Thus, scales, which have been routinely archived for many systems, can be used for retrospective analyses. Archived sockeye salmon scales spanning 1966–1999 from Red Lake, Kodiak Island, Alaska were analyzed for their stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen. The δ¹⁵N record displays a decreasing trend of ˜3‰ from 1969–1982 and an increasing trend of ˜3‰ from 1982–1992, while the variations in δ¹³C are relatively minor. These trends may result from factors such as shifts in trophic level of feeding and/or feeding location, or may originate at the base of the food web via changes in processes such as nutrient cycling or primary productivity. Detailed studies on prey isotopic variability and its controls are needed to distinguish between these factors, and thus to improve the use of stable isotope analysis as a tool to learn more about present and past ecosystem change in the North Pacific and its relation to climatic change.  相似文献   

伶仃洋N,P静态环境容量的研究     

饶开燕  古秋森  黎夏  万肇忠 《海洋科学》1991,15(3):49-52

本文利用陆地卫星影象具有水陆边界清晰和多时相等优点,计算出伶仃洋枯、平、丰水期的水容量。结合实地采样分析,推算出伶仃洋从上界各口门排入的N,P输送量,和从伶仃洋输出南海的N,P通量;估算出伶仃洋的N,P静态容量,为伶仃洋水环境的治理和资源开发利用的环境保护规划提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

闽南-台湾浅滩海域鱼类资源生产量   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

卢振彬  戴泉水  肖方森 《热带海洋学报》2005,24(1):60-66

以海洋生态系统营养动力学为理论依据,根据调查所获得的有关闽南-台湾浅滩海域的初级生产力资料,检测了该海域的浮游植物有机碳含量,测算了生态效率,检测了52种主要经济鱼类营养级及其有机碳含量.采用营养动态模型和Cushing模型估算了该海域生态系统中鱼类资源的生产量(自然生产量),同时采用Cadima模式和MSY简单模式估算鱼类资源最大可持续开发量.估算结果如下鱼类资源生产量为98.63×104t,最大可持续开发量为 48.35×104t.1997年以来实际年渔获量为48.64×104t -53.83×104t,超过了鱼类资源的最大可持续开发量,呈现过度捕捞态势.还讨论了加强该渔场渔业资源管理的7项重要措施,以促进鱼类资源的较快恢复.  相似文献