Flowpath controls on high-spatial-resolution water-chemistry profiles in headwater streams     

Rémi Dupas  Jean Causse  Anne Jaffrezic  Luc Aquilina  Patrick Durand 《水文研究》2021,35(6):e14247

Stream water chemistry is routinely measured over time at fixed and sparse sites, which provides a coarse image of spatial variability. Here, we measured nitrate, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and several chemical proxies for water flowpaths, catchment residence time and biogeochemical transformations, every 50–100 m along 13 km of streams in six agricultural headwater catchments (1.1–3.5km²). The objective was to examine controls on longitudinal nitrate profiles at a high spatial resolution during four seasons: rewetting of the catchments in autumn, winter high-flow, spring recession and summer low-flow. Our results showed monotonic trends in longitudinal profiles for nitrate and DOC, which were opposite for the two solutes. Spatial trends in water-chemistry profiles persisted across seasons, which suggests time-invariant controls on the spatial variations in concentrations. Four catchments exhibited decreasing nitrate and increasing DOC from upstream to downstream, while two catchments exhibited increasing nitrate and decreasing DOC. These smooth gradients did not reflect a longitudinal land-use gradient, but rather an increase in the proportion of groundwater inflows when moving downstream, as suggested by the chemical proxies and punctual discharge measurements. Water chemistry also changed abruptly at confluences, at a farm point source and at a localized groundwater inflow zone.  相似文献   

Dating of raised marine and lacustrine deposits in east Greenland using beryllium‐10 depth profiles and implications for estimates of subglacial erosion     

Brent M. Goehring  Meredith A. Kelly  Joerg M. Schaefer  Robert C. Finkel  Thomas V. Lowell 《第四纪科学杂志》2010,25(6):865-874

Here we combine ¹⁰Be depth profile techniques applied to late glacial ice‐contact marine and lacustrine deltas, as well as boulder exposure dating of associated features in the Scoresby Sound region, east Greenland, to determine both the surface age and the magnitude of cosmogenic nuclide inheritance. Boulder ages from an ice‐contact delta in northern Scoresby Sund show scatter typical of polar regions and yield an average age of 12.8 ± 0.5 ka – about 2 ka older than both our average profile surface age of 10.9 ± 0.7 ka from three depth profiles and a radiocarbon‐based estimate. On the other hand, boulder exposure ages from a set of moraines in southern Scoresby Sund show excellent internal consistency for polar regions and yield an average age of 11.6 ± 0.2 ka. The profile surface age from a corresponding ice‐contact delta is 8.1 ± 0.9 ka, while a second delta yields an age of 10.0 ± 0.4 ka. Measured ¹⁰Be inheritance concentrations from all depth profiles are internally consistent and are between 10% and 20% of the surface concentrations, suggesting a regional cosmogenic inheritance signal for the Scoresby Sound landscape. Based on the profile inheritance concentrations, we explore the first‐order catchment‐averaged bedrock erosion under the Greenland ice sheet, yielding estimates of total erosion during the last glacial cycle of the order of 2–30 m. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Rethinking the longitudinal stream temperature paradigm: region‐wide comparison of thermal infrared imagery reveals unexpected complexity of river temperatures          下载免费PDF全文

Aimee H. Fullerton  Christian E. Torgersen  Joshua J. Lawler  Russell N. Faux  E. Ashley Steel  Timothy J. Beechie  Joseph L. Ebersole  Scott G. Leibowitz 《水文研究》2015,29(22):4719-4737

Prevailing theory suggests that stream temperature warms asymptotically in a downstream direction, beginning at the temperature of the source in the headwaters and levelling off downstream as it converges to match meteorological conditions. However, there have been few empirical examples of longitudinal patterns of temperature in large rivers due to a paucity of data. We constructed longitudinal thermal profiles (temperature vs distance) for 53 rivers in the Pacific Northwest (USA) using an extensive data set of remotely sensed summertime river temperatures and classified each profile into one of five patterns of downstream warming: asymptotic (increasing then flattening), linear (increasing steadily), uniform (not changing), parabolic (increasing then decreasing), or complex (not fitting other classes). We evaluated (1) how frequently profiles warmed asymptotically downstream as expected, and (2) whether relationships between river temperature and common hydroclimatic variables differed by profile class. We found considerable diversity in profile shape, with 47% of rivers warming asymptotically and 53% having alternative profile shapes. Water temperature did not warm substantially over the course of the river for coastal parabolic and uniform profiles, and for some linear and complex profiles. Profile classes showed no clear geographical trends. The degree of correlation between river temperature and hydroclimatic variables differed among profile classes, but there was overlap among classes. Water temperature in rivers with asymptotic or parabolic profiles was positively correlated with August air temperature, tributary temperature and velocity, and negatively correlated with elevation, August precipitation, gradient and distance upstream. Conversely, associations were less apparent in rivers with linear, uniform or complex profiles. Factors contributing to the unique shape of parabolic profiles differed for coastal and inland rivers, where downstream cooling was influenced locally by climate or cool water inputs, respectively. Potential drivers of shape for complex profiles were specific to each river. These thermal patterns indicate diverse thermal habitats that may promote resilience of aquatic biota to climate change. Without this spatial context, climate change models may incorrectly estimate loss of thermally suitable habitat. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The impact of single natural vegetation elements on flow characteristics     

O. Yagci  M. S. Kabdasli 《水文研究》2008,22(21):4310-4321

In this experimental study, measurements were conducted to explore the impacts of different forms of individual natural vegetative elements within the flow domain on velocity and turbulence characteristics. All the experiments were performed in a flume measuring 26 m in length, 0·98 m in width and 0·85 m in depth, and real tree saplings were utilized to represent the vegetation element. In order to analyse this commonly observed nature phenomenon in floodplains, trees with wide trunks were classified into three groups on the basis of their volume versus height relation. Throughout the velocity measurements three acoustic Doppler velocimeters were employed. Time‐averaged velocity, streamwise and vertical turbulence intensities and turbulent kinetic energy parameters were examined. Additionally, a formulation that gives the velocity profile at a certain distance downstream of vegetation was introduced and the validity of the proposed formulation was checked with experimental data. It is seen that despite their porous structures, the presence of vegetation considerably disturbs the flow field and dissipates a remarkable amount of energy by turbulence. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Soil profile evolution following land‐use change: implications for groundwater quantity and quality     

Tianming Huang  Zhonghe Pang  W. Mike Edmunds 《水文研究》2013,27(8):1238-1252

Soil and vadose zone profiles are used as an archive of changes in groundwater recharge and water quality following changes in land use in an area of the Loess Plateau of China. A typical rain‐fed loess‐terrace agriculture region in Hequan, Guyuan, is taken as an example, and multiple tracers (chloride mass balance, stable isotopes, tritium and water chemistry) are used to examine groundwater recharge mechanisms and to evaluate soil water chloride as an archive for recharge rate and water quality. Results show that groundwater recharge beneath natural uncultivated grassland, used as a baseline, is about 94–100 mm year^?1 and that the time it takes for annual precipitation to reach water table through the thick unsaturated zone is from decades to hundreds of years (tritium free). This recharge rate is 2–3 orders of magnitude more than in the other semiarid areas with similar annual rainfall but with deep‐rooted vegetation and relatively high temperature. Most of the water that eventually becomes recharge originally infiltrated in the summer months. The conversion from native grassland to winter wheat has reduced groundwater recharge by 42–50% (50–55 mm year^?1 for recharge), and the conversion from winter wheat to alfalfa resulted in a significant chloride accumulation in the upper soil zone, which terminated deep drainage. The paper also evaluates the time lag between potential recharge and actual recharge to aquifer and between increase in solute concentration in soil moisture and that in the aquifer following land‐use change due to the deep unsaturated zone. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Sub‐Cambrian pedogenesis recorded in weathering profiles of the Arabian‐Nubian Shield     

AMIR SANDLER  NADYA TEUTSCH  DOV AVIGAD 《Sedimentology》2012,59(4):1305-1320

Altered crystalline rocks occur at the peneplain exposed in southern Israel and in other localities across North Africa and Arabia where they underlie an extensive blanket of Cambro–Ordovician sandstones. This study focuses on the petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry of top basement rocks of the northern Arabian‐Nubian Shield. The altered rocks are shown to be weathering profiles that can be subdivided into three horizons interpreted as apparently unweathered granite, or saprock, which grades upwards to a saprolite, topped by a thin clayey plasmic zone. The plasmic zone is enriched in iron and aluminium and is depleted in silicon, calcium, magnesium and potassium relative to the underlying saprolite. The chemical index of alteration increases upward, but does not exceed 90 and, therefore, lags behind values observed in strongly leached present‐day tropical soils. Petrographic examinations reveal iron mobility under local fluctuating redox conditions, similar to modern and Proterozoic soils. A variety of birefringence fabrics induced by shrinkage and expansion of clays during wetting and drying cycles and clay illuviation strongly indicate pedogenic processes rather than a post‐depositional alteration. Illite and ordered illite‐smectite phases coexist with smectitic illite‐smectite in the lower part of the saprolite and with kaolinite in the plasmic zone, in line with increasing chemical index of alteration. Observations are in accordance with the current profile being a remnant of a thick weathering profile whose top was truncated by fluvial incision just prior to deposition of the overlying Early Cambrian sequence. A previously documented Devonian thermal event reaching temperatures of at least 200°C overprinted the studied rocks. During burial diagenesis, illitization affected original smectite rather than kaolinite. However, in spite of the elevated temperatures, illitization was incomplete implying restricted potassium addition. The sub‐Cambrian weathering reflects warm and humid conditions in a tropical or sub‐tropical climate, in line with several plate reconstructions placing Israel at low latitudes during Cambrian time.  相似文献   

高阻溶洞上高密度电法与高密度联合剖面法异常响应特征研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

曹崇本 《贵州地质》2012,29(2):112-118

为探讨高密度电法与联合剖面法寻找高阻溶洞的效果,利用水槽模型试验及野外现场实测方法,总结了高密度电法常用排列方式、不同成图方法在高阻溶洞上的异常响应特征,讨论了异常体地表投影位置及中心埋深的确定方法。提出探测高阻溶洞采用高密度电法温纳排列（α1）、β排列和高密度联合剖面三种方法的最佳组合方法。  相似文献   

地震初至波速度层析反演在多金属矿探测中的应用     

李建国  赵斌  孙少伟  周新鹏  孙渊  宋立芳  黄琴  项彪  肖昆 《现代地质》2012,26(6):1218-1224

多金属矿区由于含矿岩体结构与岩性的特殊性,地震反射波法一般应用效果较差。利用地面长排列接收到的初至波场信息建立初始速度模型,针对复杂地表和介质条件下,利用旅行时线性插值射线追踪方法(LTI方法)进行的初至波射线追踪正演模拟以及带松弛因子的联合迭代重建算法(SIRT)进行速度层析反演,获取与矿体或岩体的结构与岩性变化有关的速度场信息,以求解探测目标的分布范围和展布特征。结果表明,反演速度场中的异常变化带与地表地质调查结果中的矿体分布以及断裂构造吻合较好。因探测深度可达到数百米,可为浅层隐伏矿体和构造等的确定提供较可靠的依据,该方法技术可行。  相似文献   

平剖面可视化的Matlab实现     

姚月  陈华根  于洋  童心 《物探化探计算技术》2012,34(2):229-233,10

为了提高绘制彩色平剖图的工作效率,利用Matlab对由Surfer软件中任意方向切割等值线得到的剖面数据进行批量处理,通过数据的平移、缩放和旋转换算等,形成平剖图;并沿剖面找出场值的零值点位置,将正值段用暖色线绘出,负值段用冷色线绘出,使图面上能较方便地显示出正值区和负值区,从而实现彩色平剖图的自动绘制。最后将处理结果保存为Surfer软件中*.bln类型文件格式,可在Surfer中直接调用并形成基面图,实现彩色平剖图与等值线网图或其它地理底图的叠合,为地质解译提供便利。  相似文献   

陆域遥感军事地质图基本要素及其表达方法   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

李远华  姜琦刚  周智勇  崔瀚文  林楠  杨佳佳 《世界地质》2012,31(3):614-620

为探索遥感军事地质图编制的理论基础和编图方法,从陆域军事活动对遥感地质信息的需求分析入手,分析军事活动类型与地质要素间关系,总结出支撑陆域遥感军事地质图的遥感地质信息,提出构成该地质图的基本要素; 根据图件要求和军事价值,分析了它们的表达方式,给出图件表达形式。研究结果表明: 陆域遥感军事地质图包括“军事工程背景”、“军事资源”、“军事通行与定位信息”、“军事目标”等4 类基本军事要素信息,它们以基础地质信息、矿产资源信息、土地覆被信息等7 大信息为基础; 可以通过专业信息转化、挖掘、标注等3 类方法获取该地质图所需的基本信息,从而实现遥感地质专业信息的简单化、通俗化和实用化军事应用。  相似文献