基于CALIPSO的华北地区气溶胶垂直分布特征   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

许潇锋  刘晨璇  唐志伟  高嵩  孙恩伟 《大气科学学报》2018,41(1):126-134

利用2007—2014年CALIPSO Level 2气溶胶廓线产品,统计分析了华北地区气溶胶垂直分布规律,并以2013年12月发生的一次大范围霾过程为例,探讨了霾天气中气溶胶垂直变化特征。结果表明,华北地区气溶胶消光系数(σ)随高度指数衰减,年平均标高为2.48 km;1 km以下存在σ高值层,冬季较大、春季较小,年平均为0.333km~(-1)。年平均颗粒退偏振比(Particulate Deploarization Ratio,PDR)随高度递增,变化范围为0.18~0.25;PDR春季较大,夏季较小。年平均色比(Color Ratio,CR)随高度弱增加,变化范围为0.7~0.8;春季CR随高度递减,其他季节随高度递增。华北地区近地面以污染沙尘气溶胶为主;春季以沙尘为主,夏秋季以污染沙尘为主,冬季中高层以沙尘为主,低层以污染沙尘为主。霾事件中,霾日1 km以下存在消光高值层,消光系数约为清洁日三倍。霾日PDR和CR都低于清洁日,2 km以下PDR大多小于0.2,CR以0.3~0.5为主。本地烟尘与远距离输送的沙尘相混合形成的污染沙尘是本次霾过程的主要气溶胶类型。  相似文献   

The end-Triassic and Early Jurassic mass extinction records in the British Isles     

Paul B. Wignall  David P.G. Bond 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2008,119(1):73-84

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Review of the Late Cretaceous-early Paleogene crocodylomorphs of Europe: Extinction patterns across the K-PG boundary     

《Cretaceous Research》2016

Although the European dinosaur succession during the latest Cretaceous and its relationship with the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction has been the focus of recent work, other continental vertebrates, such as crocodylomorphs, have received less attention. The European continental record of crocodylomorphs in general, and of eusuchians in particular, is relatively dense through the Maastrichtian until the K-Pg boundary. Traditionally it has been argued that continental crocodylomorphs were minimally impacted by the K-Pg extinction, but they were substantially affected in Europe with the disappearance of endemic eusuchians such as Hylaeochampsidae, Allodaposuchus and their close relatives, and non-eusuchians such as Doratodon or Theriosuchus. Despite extensive sampling in Danian continental deposits, only scarce fragmentary crocodylomorph remains have been cited. It is not until the late Paleocene and Eocene that a recovery in continental crocodylomorphs is observed. The presence of taxa such as planocraniids, the alligatoroids Diplocynodon and Hassiacosuchus, and stem crocodyloids during this period provide the first reliable continental records of Crocodylia in Europe and is best explained by post-extinction immigration from Asia or North America. By contrast, marine forms such as Thoracosaurus are found on both sides of the K-Pg boundary in Europe. The adaptation of these marine animals to different environments, from shallow seas to more transitional or fluvial environments, could be the key to their success and survival across the K-Pg boundary, as seen in other marine crocodylomorph clades such as Dyrosauridae.  相似文献   

The Hell Creek Formation and its contribution to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction: A short primer     

《Cretaceous Research》2016

Although it represents but one geographic data point, the uppermost Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation (HCF), exposed in the upper Great Plains of the North American craton, remains the most studied source for understanding the final ∼1.5 Myr of the Mesozoic Era in the terrestrial realm. Because it lies conformably below the earliest Paleocene Fort Union Formation, and together these two units preserve a rich fauna and flora, much of what is understood about the terrestrial Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary comes from this sequence.The HCF has been reconstructed as an expansive, fluvially drained, low coastal plain, built out, to the west, against the Laramide Orogen, and to the east, against the ultimate transgression (Cannonball) of the Western Interior Sea. Its meandering rivers and moist soils supported a multi-tiered angiosperm-dominated flora and rich insect and vertebrate faunas, including dinosaurs, crocodilians, squamates, turtles, and mammals. A dramatic facies change representing the initiation of catastrophic flooding is preserved, within available levels precision, at the K–Pg boundary.High-precision stratigraphy has proven difficult in this lenticular fluvial system. Where present, the boundary can be recognized by the bipartite boundary claystone; otherwise, palynostratigraphy has proven a powerful tool. Numerical dates have been successfully obtained from in tonsteins at the boundary and above, in the Fort Union; however, these have proven elusive below the boundary within the HCF. The K–Pg boundary in this region is dated at 66.043 Ma (Renne et al., 2013). Magnetostratigraphic studies have been carried out in the HCF; although all but one have lacked numerical dates, these have been used for correlations of widespread, disjunct exposures and for the estimation of sedimentation rates.The palynoflora is largely homogenous through the HCF; at the K–Pg boundary, it shows an abrupt ∼30% extinction. This makes it a powerful tool for identification of the K–Pg boundary, although because the boundary is identified on absence of Cretaceous taxa rather than presence of earliest Paleocene taxa, several competing methods have been applied to identifying the K–Pg boundary using pollen.The macroflora, consisting largely of leaves, consists of three successive floras, showing increasing diversity through the HCF. The ultimate of these three floras undergoes an abrupt 57% extinction; taken as a whole, however, the macroflora undergoes a 78% extinction at the K–Pg boundary.The best data available for dinosaurs – including archaic Aves – show an abrupt extinction. By contrast, salamanders and other lissamphibians, as well as chelonians, cross the boundary virtually without perturbation. Squamates appear to have suffered significant extinctions at the K–Pg boundary, as did euselachians (elasmobranchs) and insects. Mammals suffered a 75% extinction; however, some of this figure cannot be shown to have occurred in less than the last 500 kyr of the Cretaceous, and thus has been potentially attributable to causes other than a bolide impact. Taken together, the survivorship patterns are concordant with the catastrophic inception of ubiquitous flooding characterizing the K–Pg boundary.While the key K–Pg boundary question in the HCF was once the rate of the biotic extinction, it has moved to the distinction between single-cause scenarios, with the Chicxulub bolide as agent of extinction, and multi-cause scenarios, uniting habitat partitioning, Deccan flood-basalt volcanism, climate change, competition, and bolide impact. Not every potential environmental perturbation need be a mechanism for the extinction: parsimony and the data continue to be concordant with a bolide impact as the single agent of the terrestrial K–Pg mass extinction.  相似文献   

合肥地区平流层气溶胶地基激光雷达与SAGE卫星探测比较     

何文英  凌超  陈洪滨  胡顺星 《遥感学报》2016,20(4):540-548

为了解中国上空SAGE反演的平流层气溶胶数据质量,将合肥地区地基激光雷达观测10年(1996年—2005年)的气溶胶数据与SAGE资料进行比较。通过较为系统全面的比较分析,得到如下结果:(1)10—30 km内SAGE与Li DAR分析的气溶胶变化趋势较为一致,出现峰值和低值的位置也较为接近;(2)SAGE结果普遍比Li DAR测量的偏小,对应的平流层气溶胶AOD差异显著,定量表现为:激光雷达获取的平流层气溶胶AOD基本约为0.004,SAGE反演的平流层气溶胶AOD基本约为0.002,只有前者的一半;(3)两者分析的20—35 km气溶胶季节分布差异较小,再次表明平流层气溶胶比较稳定。  相似文献   

Polymetallic Nodule Mining, Waste Disposal, and Species Extinction at the Abyssal Seafloor     

Hjalmar Thiel  Gerd Schriever  Eric J. Foell 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2005,23(3):209-220

The size of individual mining blocks for polymetallic nodule extraction seems to be rather small, not more than 100 km² in the French mining claim. Even when adding an additional resedimentation zone to the directly impacted area, the size of the affected seabed would remain below 200 km². We assume that even rare species in the abyss inhabit larger areas and propose discussions of the International Seabed Authority and other stakeholders for the different subregions on mining strategies from the perspective of exploitation versus species extinction and conservation. Although impacts of waste disposal at the abyssal seafloor are different from those of nodule mining, the 200 km² concept may also be applied.  相似文献   

Comparison of ¹³CO line and far-infrared continuum emission as a diagnostic of dust and molecular gas physical conditions – III. Systematic effects and scientific implications     

W. F. Wall 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,377(2):556-570

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The dust temperatures of the pre-stellar cores in the ρ Oph main cloud and in other star-forming regions: consequences for the core mass function     

Dimitris Stamatellos  Anthony P. Whitworth  Derek Ward-Thompson 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,379(4):1390-1400

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Reflections on reflexions – I. Light echoes in Type Ia supernovae     

Ferdinando Patat 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,357(4):1161-1177

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Holes in the spinous processes of woolly mammoth vertebrae: spatial and temporal distribution,and the causes of pathology formation     

Sergey V. Leshchinskiy  Yaroslav V. Kuzmin  Mathieu Boudin  Leeli Amon 《第四纪科学杂志》2021,36(7):1254-1267

The latest data on holes in the spinous processes of the vertebrae of woolly mammoths, a rare pathology, are presented. This was identified at 19 sites of northern Eurasia. Such destructive changes are recorded ca. 34–12k ¹⁴C a bp , and only two sites dated to >50k and >41k ¹⁴C a bp. The main hypotheses about hole formation are: vertebral abnormalities; bone infections; genetic traits; and unfavourable geochemical environment. The pathology occurred in mammoths of all age groups, and could have arisen at the embryonic stage. There are two types: classic holes associated with osteolytic changes; and very rarely tumour-like lesions. The most likely cause of the lesions is alimentary osteodystrophy caused by chronic mineral starvation. The aetiology of this disease is usually associated with a deficiency or excess of macro- and microelements in the geochemical landscape, and through forage and water this leads to a severe metabolic disorder. Analysis of palaeopathological data shows two waves of geochemical stress in animals, ca. 26–18k and ca. 16–12k ¹⁴C a bp. Therefore, the woolly mammoth extinction can be viewed as a non-linear function, with two peaks of high mortality corresponding to the Last Glacial Maximum and the Lateglacial.  相似文献