Pelagic food web interactions and hypolimnetic oxygen depletion: Results from experimental enclosures and lakes     

Asit Mazumder  D. J. McQueen  W. D. Taylor  D. R. S. Lean 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1990,52(2):144-155

Large lakes enclosures were used to examine the influence of nutrient (P, N) enrichment and planktivorous fish (1 + yellow perch) predation on hypolimnetic oxygen depletion. Results were compared to similar data for lakes with high (Lake St. George) and low (Haynes Lake) abundances of planktivorous fish. In both the unfertilized and fertilized enclosures, fish predation on large cladocerans increased the biomasses of pico- and nanoplankton (0.2–20 µm), phytoplankton (chlorophyll a) and total phosphorus (TP), reduced sedimentation, water clarity, and hypolimnetic oxygen concentrations (AHO). Fertilized enclosures without fish had highest TP and sedimentation rates, but the AHO were low. The high planktivore lake had higher pico- and nanoplankton, higher chlorophyll a, reduced water clarity, and lower AHO than the low planktivore lake. Areal hypolimnetic oxygen depletion (AHOD) rates were strongly related with Secchi depth and plankton size-distribution (r ² = 0.77, and 0.79, respectively), but not as strongly with TP, chlorophyll a, and sedimentation rates (r ² = 0.25, 0.53, and 0.02, respectively). Such observations are useful in forming a generalized hypothesis that lakes with low planktivory and high water clarity have lower oxygen depletion because 1) plankton that are settling are larger and spend less time in the hypolimnetic water column before reaching the sediment, and therefore undergo less decomposition, and 2) the euphotic depth extends into the hypolimnion and production of oxygen can take place.  相似文献   

沙尘暴的气候环境效应研究进展   总被引：18，自引：15，他引：3  

韩永翔  张强  董光荣  宋连春  奚晓霞 《中国沙漠》2006,26(2):307-311

沙尘暴可通过起沙、传输和沉降过程将岩石圈、大气圈、水圈、生物圈和人类圈5大圈层有机地联系起来,成为研究全球变化及其环境效应的重要纽带和关键环节之一。在简单概述了沙尘源区和传输特征的基础上,主要针对沙尘对气候、环境产生的影响进行了讨论,揭示其背后隐藏的更广泛、更深刻的气候和环境效应。并就沙尘的“阳伞效应”、“冰核效应”和“铁肥料效应”的最新研究进展进行了重点阐述。结果表明沙尘暴像任何自然过程一样,对气候、环境及人类的影响也具有两面性。  相似文献   

Intraspecific genetic analysis, gamete release performance, and growth of Sargassum muticum （Fucales, Phaeophyta） from China     

刘峰  逄少军  高素芹  单体锋 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2013,31(6):1268-1275

Sargassum muticum is one of the most abundant and conspicuous native macroalgae species on the northern coasts of China. It often forms large-scale seaweed beds in subtidal zones. This investigation was designed to understand the intraspecific genetic relationships of this alga based on samples collected from four northern coastal sites of China, and to evaluate gamete release and growth capacity in laboratory conditions. The nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 （ITS2） sequences of 16 samples from four locations were identical. Based on cox3 gene and partial rbcLS operon sequences, intraspecific genetic variability was detected with three and two ribotypes, respectively. Temperature, not irradiance, was shown to significantly affect gamete release and fertilization. Elevated temperature and irradiance enhanced the growth of germlings and vegetative branchlets. Maximum growth rate of germlings was detected at 18-24℃and an irradiance of 60-100 μmol photons/（m^2.s）. Under ambient conditions （12-25℃ and 60-125 gmol photons/ （m2.s））, relative growth rate of young branchlets could reach 7.5%/d.  相似文献   

氮素和水分添加对贝加尔针茅草原土壤氨氧化微生物群落结构的影响（英文）     

王杰  李刚  赖欣  宋晓龙  赵建宁  杨殿林 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2015,6(1):1-11

应用PCR-DGGE技术研究了连续2年氮素、水分添加处理对贝加尔针茅草原土壤氨氧化细菌(AOB)16S r RNA基因和古菌(AOA)amo A基因遗传多样性的影响。结果表明,土壤硝化势在水分添加低氮(N30)和非水分添加高氮(N300)处理下较对照显著升高(P0.05),在水分添加高氮(N200、N300)处理下较对照急剧下降(P0.05)。不同处理下氨氧化细菌的群落结构变化较氨氧化古菌敏感,氮素添加显著改变了氨氧化微生物的群落结构,在高氮素处理下,氨氧化细菌的多样性指数有下降的趋势,而古菌的多样性则有升高的趋势,表明氨氧化古菌在高氮素下生长比较活跃。发育树分析的结果表明,非水分添加处理下,氨氧化细菌的群落由亚硝化螺菌属的Cluster 1、Cluster 3和Cluster 4组成,水分添加处理下由亚硝化螺菌属Cluster 3、Cluster 4和亚硝化单胞菌属的Cluster 6组成,而氨氧化古菌群落在水分添加处理下主要由泉古菌门的Cluster 1、Cluster 2和water lineage组成,在非水分添加处理下主要由泉古菌门的Cluster 1、Cluster 2和Cluster 5组成,两种水分输入机制下,氨氧化微生物群落的不同组成说明,水分在调节氨氧化微生物群落结构方面有重要作用。此外,氨氧化细菌群落多样性与全氮,NH4+和NO3-的含量呈显著负相关,而古菌群落与其呈显著正相关,说明氨氧化细菌与古菌对氮素和水分添加有不同的且互补的反应机制。  相似文献   

不同钾素处理春玉米叶片营养元素含量变化及其光谱响应   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

王磊  白由路 《遥感学报》2007,11(5):641-647

目的是研究不同钾营养水平春玉米典型生育期叶片的光谱响应,探索叶片内营养成分与叶片光谱反射率的相关性。方法是设置了不同梯度钾处理的盆栽试验,按玉米生育期进行光谱测定和取样分析。结果,通过对不同钾处理间玉米叶片养分含量的差异性分析表明,随着施钾的提高,叶片钾含量差异性达到显著水平。分析不同钾营养水平不同生育时期春玉米叶片光谱反射率与叶片钾含量的相关关系,并建立了喇叭口期利用叶片光谱反射率估测叶片钾含量的数学模型;以及分析了该处理下喇叭口期叶片内水分、叶绿素、氮、磷、钙、镁、锌、锰、铜、铁含量与叶片光谱反射率的相关性。结果表明：不同生育时期叶片钾含量与其光谱反射率的相关关系在光谱维方向存在明显差别,730—930nm和960—1100nm两波段为春玉米喇叭口期评价钾营养状况的敏感波段,光谱变量R767＋R1057,（R767＋R1057） /（logR767＋logR1057）和（R767-R1057） /（logR767-logR1057）均能很好的预测喇叭口期叶片钾含量;该时期叶片内不同成分与光谱反射率相关分析表明：550nm,710nm,950nm三波段处是各个相关曲线的突变点;叶片内各成分间高度相关的,它们的光谱相关曲线趋势也极为一致或对称。  相似文献   

施氮时期对‘马瑟兰’葡萄果实芳香物质组分与含量的影响     

马宗桓  贺雅娟  李蔚  李文芳  郭艳兰  左存武  毛娟  陈佰鸿 《中国沙漠》2021,41(4):247-256

采用顶空固相微萃取技术（HS-SPME）、气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）对‘马瑟兰’葡萄果实中芳香物质成分进行分析,分别在萌芽期、新梢旺长期、开花期、果实第1次膨大期、副梢旺长期和果实第二次膨大期一次性施入氮肥,以不施氮肥作为对照（CK）,研究不同施氮时期对果实芳香物质组分及含量的影响。结果表明：‘马瑟兰’葡萄果实中共检测出40种芳香物质成分,总含量为1 789.49—3 320.29 μg·kg^-1,其中有11种特征香气成分,以醇类和醛类化合物为主,氮素施用时期对果实芳香物质的成分和含量均有显著的影响;施氮可改变果实的香味特征,果实第二次膨大期施氮果实中芳香物质总含量最高且种类较多,有利于提高醇类、醛类及烷烃类化合物含量;该处理改变了果实以草香味为主的香味特征,此时花香和脂膏香最为浓郁;开花期施氮果实中草香、脂膏香和花香基本平衡,同时增加了果香味的比例。通过氮素施用时期可调控葡萄果实芳香物质的形成,进而改善果实的酿造品质。  相似文献   

长期施肥影响下亚热带红壤性水稻土团聚体组成及氮储量分布特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李文军  彭保发  曾庆禹  王亚力  李逢喜  青志桃 《地理科学进展》2014,33(10)

以亚热带典型红壤性水稻土为研究对象,利用干筛法研究长期单施化肥和化肥配施有机肥对耕作层和犁底层土壤团聚体组成及其全氮储量分布的影响.结果表明:＞5 mm的块状结构是土壤团聚体的主要组分,其含量比例高达65.7％～83.4％;同时,该级团聚体中全氮储量占土壤总储量的比例亦高达63.1％～82.7％,是土壤全氮储量的主要载体.随土层加深,块状结构体比例增加,其他粒级团聚体含量降低.除＜0.25 mm粒级外,团聚体中全氮含量随其粒径减小而增大,而全氮储量则呈降低趋势.施肥特别是化肥配施有机肥后同土层0.25～5 mm大团聚体含量显著增加.团聚体稳定性增强,2～5、0.5～2、0.25～0.5 mm团聚体及土壤中全氮含量和储量显著增加(P＜0.05),新增氮储量主要向大团聚体,特别是2～5 mm团聚体中富集.施肥对团聚体组成及其全氮含量的影响随土层加深而减弱.与单施化肥相比较,化肥配施有机肥显著提升犁底层和全层土壤全氮储量(P＜0.05),是更好的施肥模式,可在亚热带红壤性水稻土分布区推广应用.  相似文献   

Benchmarking Climate-Carbon Model Simulations against Forest FACE Data     

Andrew J. Pinsonneault  H. Damon Matthews  Zavareh Kothavala 《大气与海洋》2013,51(1):41-50

Terrestrial carbon fluxes are an important factor in regulating concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂). In this study, we use a coupled climate model with interactive biogeochemistry to benchmark the simulation of net primary productivity (NPP) and its response to elevated atmospheric CO₂. Short-term field experiments such as Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment (FACE) studies have examined this phenomenon but it is difficult to infer trends from only a few years of field data. Here, we employ the University of Victoria's Earth System Climate Model (UVic ESCM) version 2.8 to compare simulated changes in NPP due to an elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration of 550 ppm to observed increases in NPP of 23% ±2% from four temperate forest FACE studies between 1997 and 2002. We further compare two scenarios: elevated CO₂ with climate change, and elevated CO₂ without climate change, the latter being consistent with FACE methodology. In the climate change scenario global terrestrial and forest-only NPP increased by 24.5% and 27.9%, respectively, while these increases were 21.0% and 17.2%, respectively, in the latitude band most representative of the location of the FACE studies. In the scenario without climate change, terrestrial and forest-only NPP increased instead by 28.3% and 30.6%, respectively, while these increases were 24.3% and 14.4%, respectively, in the FACE latitudes. This suggests that the model may underestimate temperate forest NPP increases when compared to results from temperate forest FACE studies and highlights the need for both increased experimental study of other forest biomes and further model development.  相似文献   

农业化肥减量及生物肥料替代可行性研究——来自新疆棉区调查数据的实证   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

吕宁  祝宏辉  程文明 《地理研究》2022,41(5):1459-1480

推进化肥减施增效是实现中国农业绿色高质量发展的关键途径。本文以新疆棉花为例,基于2000—2020年棉花化肥施用量及技术、资本、劳动力投入时序数据,构建生产函数考察了新疆棉花单位面积化肥施用强度变化及其对棉花单产提升的贡献作用,并利用2015—2020年不同植棉区化肥和生物肥料施肥区的微观定位调查数据,采用熵权法构建肥料应用效益评价指标体系,对两种肥料的综合效益做出总体评判,并对经济效益（棉花产量、黄萎病害发生率）和生态效益（土壤有机质、微生物数量）及两种肥料施用成本进行具体比较,探讨了生物肥替代化肥的可行性及其实现机制。研究表明：① 2000—2020年间新疆棉花单位面积化肥施用强度呈不断上升态势,高于同期国内大部分植棉省份,自2016年起趋于减缓和平稳,施肥量浮动在585 kgN/hm²左右。② 2000—2010年随着单位面积化肥施用强度的增加,对棉花单产增加呈正向促进作用;而2010—2020年,单位面积化肥施用强度增加对棉花单产提高的贡献率为-21.29%,表明持续增加化肥用量对棉花单产提高已呈现负效应。③ 生物肥料施肥区生态效益优势更突出,但经济效益低于化肥区,两种肥料的综合效益随使用年限增加差距趋于缩小;较化肥组,研究期内不同植棉区生物肥组棉花单产降低3%~8%,黄萎病害发病率降幅27.75%~58.20%,土壤有机质含量提高了14.59%~28.54%,土壤微生物数量显著增加;生物肥单位施用成本高于化肥14%~19%。根据生物肥生态属性及作用机理,结合农户经济理性及传统的化肥依赖,建议在生物肥推广初期,实行一定的政策激励或生态补偿,同时积极引导和培育农户亲环境意识,农业化肥逐步减量及生物肥替代具有理论与实践可行性。  相似文献   

Spatial variability of ocean fertilizing nutrients in the dust‐emitting ephemeral river catchments of Namibia          下载免费PDF全文

A.P. Dansie  D.S.G. Thomas  G.F.S. Wiggs  K.R. Munkittrick 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(3):563-578

Research into global hot spots of dust emission has focused on exposed fine‐grained sediments in palaeo‐ or ephemeral dryland lake basins including Etosha (Namibia) and Makgadikgadi (Botswana) in southern Africa. Namibia's western ephemeral river valleys are also known to produce dust but have remained largely overlooked as a regionally significant source. Nutrient enrichment of valley sediments and proximity to the South Atlantic suggests aeolian dust could play an important role in ocean fertilization. The fertility of valley dust is dependent on fluvial sediments originating in the upper catchments on the Southern African Central Plateau. In this study we investigate climate, geology, vegetation and land use variability and how these may influence the nitrogen, phosphorus and iron availability in the catchments. We intensely sampled the Huab, Kuiseb and Tsauchab river systems to map the spatial distribution of nutrients from upper catchments to river termini. Samples were analysed for the bioavailable fractions of iron, nitrogen and phosphorus as well as total nitrogen and phosphorus. Results show that the lower valley reaches are sources of aeolian dust enriched in nutrients. Nitrogen levels correlate with precipitation and vegetation levels and phosphorus levels with geology. However, differences in upper catchment sediment nutrient levels were not representative of downstream nutrient differences between valleys. Rather, it is the hydrological and geomorphological processes of the ephemeral river systems that are key for producing the enriched sediments in the lower reaches. We demonstrate that the ephemeral river valleys of western Namibia are an extensive and enriched source of mineral dust that could play a critical role in marine productivity of the southern Atlantic. © 2017 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.  相似文献