Intercomparison of Stratospheric Chemistry Models under Polar Vortex Conditions     

M. Krämer  Ri. Müller  H. Bovensmann  J. Burrows  J. Brinkmann  E. P. Röth  J.-U. Grooß  Ro. Müller  Th. Woyke  R. Ruhnke  G. Günther  J. Hendricks  E. Lippert  K. S. Carslaw  Th. Peter  A. Zieger  Ch. Brühl  B. Steil  R. Lehmann  D. S. McKenna 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2003,45(1):51-77

Several stratospheric chemistry modules from box, 2-D or 3-D models, have been intercompared. The intercomparison was focused on the ozone loss and associated reactive species under the conditions found in the cold, wintertime Arctic and Antarctic vortices. Comparisons of both gas phase and heterogeneous chemistry modules show excellent agreement between the models under constrained conditions for photolysis and the microphysics of polar stratospheric clouds. While the mean integral ozone loss ranges from 4–80% for different 30–50 days long air parcel trajectories, the mean scatter of model results around these values is only about ±1.5%. In a case study, where the models employed their standard photolysis and microphysical schemes, the variation around the mean percentage ozone loss increases to about ±7%. This increased scatter of model results is mainly due to the different treatment of the PSC microphysics and heterogeneous chemistry in the models, whereby the most unrealistic assumptions about PSC processes consequently lead to the least representative ozone chemistry. Furthermore, for this case study the model results for the ozone mixing ratios at different altitudes were compared with a measured ozone profile to investigate the extent to which models reproduce the stratospheric ozone losses. It was found that mainly in the height range of strong ozone depletion all models underestimate the ozone loss by about a factor of two. This finding corroborates earlier studies and implies a general deficiency in our understanding of the stratospheric ozone loss chemistry rather than a specific problem related to a particular model simulation.  相似文献   

用几何光学模型对方向变化和直方图建模(英文)     

ＤａｖｉｄＬ．Ｂ．Ｊｕｐｐ 《遥感学报》1997,(Z1)

森林和林地的图象二向性反射函数是一个统计函数，较之小尺度的树冠，它更多地用于大尺度的均匀覆盖的地块。用航空象片和高空间分辨率扫描仪数据作的图象热点影响研究在小尺度下显示出很大方差，而且，太阳和观测角度的交互变化进一步增加了这种反射各向异性变化的方差并有规律地继续呈现在分辨率低的图象中，这被称作ＢＲＶＦ或二向性反射方差函数。近年来，作为一种解释结构的手段，高分辨率图象的方向性方差和直方图结构越来越受到重视，这方面的数据也越来越多。这项工作是利用图象方差来解释结构问题（Ｓｔｒａｈｌｅｒ和李小文倡导）的一种延伸，并在过去１５年中由众多人员作了大量工作。在树冠尺度下，森林的直方图和二向反射方差函数可以计算出来，这里利用了近似迭代函数来处理这些数据并和数值积分模拟进行了对比，结果显示可对二向性反射方差函数的测量和引入直方图的各向异性进行准确建模。  相似文献   

几何光学冠层反射建模中的光谱分量特征的参数化(英文)     

倪文革  李小文  ＣｕｒｔｉｓＥ．Ｗｏｏｄｃｏｃｋ  ＡｌａｎＳｔｒａｈｌｅｒ 《遥感学报》1997,(Z1)

该文用几何光学与辐射传输混合模型研究不连续植被冠层的几何光学反射模型的四分量（承照树冠、承照地面、阴影树冠、阴影地面）的参数化。用一个修正的均匀介质层路径散射（反射与传输）参数的解析算法估计路径散射参数（反射与传输），其中也考虑了冠层间隙的影响。光谱分量特征是不连续植被冠层的传输与反射，背景反照率，以直射光通量与天空漫射光通量比例的函数。光谱分量特征的模型与在美国缅因州Ｈｏｌａｎｄ采集的针叶林数据吻合。基于ＬｉＳｔｒａｈｌｅｒ几何光学相互遮蔽模型，用参数化的光谱分量特征对老松林和老云杉林的方向反射进行估计，其结果与在不同太阳与观测方向上的ＰＡＲＡＢＯＬＡ测量值匹配得很好。  相似文献   

UNIVERSALITY OF THE LAGRANGIAN VELOCITY STRUCTURE FUNCTION CONSTANT (C0) ACROSS DIFFERENT KINDS OF TURBULENCE     

SHUMING DU 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1997,83(2):207-219

In this paper, we evaluate the Lagrangian velocity structure function constant, C0, in the inertial subrange by comparing experimental diffusion data and simulation results obtained with applicable Lagrangian stochastic models. We find in several different flows (grid turbulence, laboratory boundary-layer flow and the atmospheric surface layer under neutral stratification) the value for C0 is 3.0 ± 0.5. We also identify the reasons responsible for earlier studies having not reached the present result.  相似文献   

试论陆壳增生的两种基本模式及其对比   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

竺国强  程晓敢 《高校地质学报》1997,3(4):411-418

大陆地壳是地球形成演化的必然产物。大陆地壳由不同时代、不同类型、不同规模地体的拼贴而增生；同时已形成的大陆地壳沿着新的断裂分裂、离散而碱小。因此大陆地壳是地体拼贴增生与分裂离散的综合结果。太古代早期，原始陆壳形成后，主要通过环太平洋型与天山型两种基本模式达到陆壳的增生。环太平洋型陆壳增生模式出现于陆块的边缘，由古大陆向大洋方向单向增生，增生年代由老到新，增生地体一般都有较大距离的移置，其增生与板块的俯冲作用密切有关。天山型陆壳增生模式出现在陆块的内部，其形成与陆块的开台作用密切有关，可以但不一定伴随有俯冲作用。当古大陆沿一定方向断裂带分裂、离散。其间形成新的海槽接受碳酸盐岩和正常陆源碎屑沉积物与来自地壳深部或地幔的火山物质。由于壳下应力条件改变，两侧古陆相向运动，海槽中物质受两侧古陆碰撞挤压，形成褶皱造山带，并把两侧的古大陆“焊接”成新的、范围更大的大陆地壳。  相似文献   

Dynamic nucleation process of shallow earthquake faulting in a fault zone     

Nobuki Kame  Teruo Yamashita 《Geophysical Journal International》1997,128(1):204-216

Two distinct phases are commonly observed at the initial part of seismograms of large shallow earthquakes: low-frequency and low-amplitude waves following the onset of a P wave ( P ₁) are interrupted by the arrival of the second impulsive phase P₂ enriched with high-frequency components. This observation suggests that a large shallow earthquake involves two qualitatively different stages of rupture at its nucleation.
We propose a theoretical model that can naturally explain the above nucleation behaviour. The model is 2-D and the deformation is assumed to be anti-plane. A key clement in our model is the assumption of a zone in which numbers of pre-existing cracks are densely distributed; this cracked zone is a model for the fault zone. Dynamic crack growth nucleated in such a zone is intensely affected by the crack interactions, which exert two conflicting effects: one tends to accelerate the crack growth, and the other tends to decelerate it. The accelerating and decelerating effects are generally ascribable to coplanar and non-coplanar crack interactions, respectively. We rigorously treat the multiple interactions among the cracks, using the boundary integral equation method (BIEM), and assume the critical stress fracture criterion for the analysis of spontaneous crack propagation.
Our analysis shows that a dynamic rupture nucleated in the cracked zone begins to grow slowly due to the relative predominance of non-coplanar interactions. This process radiates the P₁ phase. If the crack continues to grow, coalescence with adjacent coplanar cracks occurs after a short time. Then, coplanar interactions suddenly begin to prevail and crack growth is accelerated; the P₂ phase is emitted in this process. It is interpreted that the two distinct phases appear in the process of the transition from non-coplanar to coplanar interaction predominance.  相似文献   

腾格里沙漠东南缘降尘粒度特征和沉积速率   总被引：15，自引：9，他引：15  

消洪浪  张继贤 《中国沙漠》1997,17(2):127-132

从多年降尘实测资料入手，分析了粉尘粒度特征、沉积速率和时变过程。提出了气象要素相关估测模型．确定０．２５ｍｍ为本区粉尘沉积粒径上限。周围沙漠是粉尘沉积细砂部分的尘源，粉砂和粘土部分沉积来自一个较大的时空范围，二者几乎各占降尘量的１／２。研究区年平均粉尘沉积速率４３５８ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，每年５月的季风转期具有年内最大沉积速率。  相似文献   

Transmission Properties of A Plane Fault     

J. A. Hudson  Enru Liu  Stuart Crampin 《Geophysical Journal International》1996,125(2):559-566

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A model for the Am (Km) planetary geomagnetic activity index and application to prediction     

Christian Francq  Michel Menvielle 《Geophysical Journal International》1996,125(3):729-746

We studied the existence of dynamical stochastic relations in the evolution of the am index. A first analysis of the autocorrelation functions showed evidence of several seasonalities. We first used linear (ARMA) models, and it was found that these do not account for the whole internal dynamics of the data series. We then used various non-linear models to provide a better fit to reality. The forecast performances of the non-linear models are not significantly different from those of the linear model. We give a tentative explanation for the failure of the non-linear predictions. Finally, ARCH models were used in order to take into account the fact that the confidence interval for the predicted value depends on past observations.  相似文献   

古元古代变质作用及其构造成因模式综述     

李三忠 《吉林地质》1996,15(2):72-77

以Ｐ－Ｔ－ｔ轨迹为手段，有助于探讨变质作用随大地构造演化或变迁而动态演化的特点，本文主要讨论了古元古代普遍出现的低压高温变质作用、高压高温变质作用及其Ｐ－Ｔ－ｔ轨迹，而且讨论了高压低温变质作用在古元古代很少出现的原因。在此基础上，综述了以上各类变质作用的各种可能的构造成因模式。  相似文献