Impact of forest fires on regional air quality in Southeast Asia     

Rajasekhar Balasubramanian Siao Wee See 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):221-222

Biomass burning, the burning of living and dead vegetation for land-clearing and land-use change, has been in practice in many tropical countries such as Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Mexico. Intense forest fires can also ignite subsurface organic soil components （e.g. peat）, which can continue to smolder long after the original surface fires are put out. Combustion of vegetation and peat has only recently been recognized as a major source of atmospheric pollution. The immediate effect of burning is the production and release of gases and particles into the atmosphere, in quantities that in some cases can be significant not only locally and regionally but also on a global scale. Vegetation fire emissions account for roughly half of the atmospheric constituents of hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and precursors of tropospheric ozone and may be the second largest source of anthropogenic aerosols after the production of sulfates from SO2. As a result, there has been considerable interest in studying the contribution of forest fires to the production of air pollutants. In recent years, Southeast Asian countries have been affected repeatedly by episodes of smoke haze from forest fires in Indonesia. During 1997-1998, the region was again shrouded in a haze worsened by prolonged drought linked to the E1 Nino weather phenomenon. Satellite pictures confirmed that air pollutants, originating from fires covering an estimated 800000 hectares of southern Kalimantan, Sumatra, and Java, have been transported by southwesterly monsoon winds across neighbouring Malaysia and Singapore to as far as Thailand and the Philippines. The impact of these extensive fires on the health of the residents and ecology in the affected areas was substantial, costly, and possibly long lasting. Most of the research on the environmental aspects of biomass burning has been directed towards the tropics in Africa and America, specifically to the tropical rain forests of Brazil and to the savannas of Africa and South America.  相似文献   

再论都市霾与雾的区别   总被引：71，自引：4，他引：71  

吴兑 《气象》2006,32(4):9-15

都市霾的出现有重要的空气质量指示意义，而雾或轻雾与特定的天气系统相联系。由于经济规模的迅速扩大和城市化进程的加快，都市霾现象或灰霾天气日趋严重，霾与雾的区分成为一个非常现实，又迫切需要解决的问题。东南沿海各省用相对湿度区分的标准普遍偏低，将大量霾记成了轻雾或雾。实际上近地层大气中每时每刻总是有霾存在的，而雾滴的存在是少见或罕见的；霾滴要想通过吸湿增长成为雾滴，必须有足够的过饱和度，能够越过过饱和驼峰才行，这在自然界并不容易。在非饱和条件下，不但非水溶性的霾不能转化成雾滴，即便是水溶性的霾粒子一般也不可能吸湿转化为雾滴。实测资料表明，出现雾时，极端最小相对湿度是91％，在相对湿度低于90％的情况下，没有观测到雾。降温是达到饱和形成雾滴的最主要、最重要的物理过程，在自然界中的霾滴通过吸湿过程增长成雾滴几乎不可能。历史上我国各级气象部门从来不存在以相对湿度70％界定轻雾与霾的补充规定。区分霾和雾，应该根据影响天气系统的变化，结合宏观特征的各种判据来确定。建议将相对湿度的阈值定为90％，作为区分轻雾与霾的辅助判据是合理的。  相似文献   

Concentrations of atmospheric constituents observed at Alert,Canada, in relation to air trajectories and synoptic systems     

Y. S. Chung 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1989,9(1-3):317-330

A meteorological analysis is presented for environmental data set obtained from the Canadian Arctic haze study, which is part of AGASP-II. Results of the study indicated that atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), sulphate (SO₄ ⁼), ozone (O₃) and other air pollutants observed at Alert, N.W.T. underwent periodical fluctuations. It was found that high concentrations of these atmospheric constituents were associated with a deep (1430–2074 m) inversion and with a major anticyclone. In contrast, relatively low values of these constituents were associated with a cyclonic disturbance near Alert. High concentrations of these constituents occurred with air trajectories coming from the N-W direction, while low values occurred with S trajectories. In addition, examinations of satellite imagery with other meteorological data suggested that volcanic inputs of ash and gases from Augustine Island, Alaska were negligible for the observed high values of these constituents at the ground level at Alert.  相似文献   

Analytical electron microscope studies of size-segregated particles collected during AGASP-II,flights 201–203     

Patrick J. Sheridan 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1989,9(1-3):267-282

Cascade impactor samples were collected over the Alaskan Arctic during the first three research flights of AGASP-II. These samples were analyzed using analytical electron microscopy to determine the morphology, mineralogy and elemental composition of individual particles. For analytical considerations, a typical impactor sample was run for approximately 20 min, thus giving excellent time resolution of discrete events.Samples collected during flights 201 and 202 consisted of stratospheric aerosol and lower-altitude haze samples. Stratospheric samples were characterized by moderate loadings of H₂SO₄ droplets with relatively few particles of other types. Samples collected in tropospheric haze layers generally exhibited light-to-moderate particle loadings. H₂SO₄ was again the most prevalent species, with crustal and anthropogenic particles also observed. One sample taken over south-central Alaska near the end of flight 203 showed high concentrations of solid crustal particles, with relatively little associated H₂SO₄. Giant particles larger than 5 m were occasionally observed in this aerosol. The composition of this material closely matches that of bulk ash from the Mt. Augustine volcano, which erupted 9–13 days before collection of this sample. This brings forth the possibility that pockets of ash-rich aerosol existed over parts of south and central Alska during the AGASP-II field mission. There is no evidence that these volcanic aerosols were present in the AGASP study area north of the Brooks Range.  相似文献   

融合GNSS气象参数的BP神经网络雾霾预测研究     

周永江  姚宜斌  颜笑  赵存洁 《大地测量与地球动力学》2019,39(11):1148-1152

结合IGS中心获取的BJFS站气象参数（气温（T）、气压（P）、大气可降水量（PWV））及同期PM_2.5数据,建立一种融合时序网络和回归网络的雾霾预测模型,对PM_2.5浓度进行预测。研究表明,引入GNSS气象参数的融合网络模型较单一网络模型适应性强、准确度高,在一定精度范围内可准确预测PM_2.5的变化,时效性达3 h。本文结论验证了卫星导航技术应用于雾霾天气监测及预报的可行性。  相似文献   

中国华北雾霾天气与超强El Ni?o事件的相关性研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

袁媛  周宁芳  李崇银 《地球物理学报》2017,60(1):11-21

2015年11—12月,全国接连发生七次大范围、持续性雾霾天气过程,其中,11月27日—12月1日的雾霾天气过程持续时间长达五天,成为2015年最强的一次重污染天气过程;12月19-25日重度雾霾再次发展,影响面积一度达到35.2万km~2.本文利用多种数据资料通过个例对比和历史统计详细分析了超强El Ni?o背景下雾霾天气频发的天气气候条件.其结果清楚表明:2015年11—12月欧亚中高纬度以纬向环流为主,东亚冬季风偏弱,使得影响我国的冷空气活动偏少,我国中东部大部地区对流层低层盛行异常偏南风,大气相对湿度明显偏大,并且大气层结稳定,对流层底层存在明显逆温.上述大气环流条件使得污染物的水平和垂直扩散条件差,因此在有一定污染排放的情况下,造成了重度雾霾天气过程的频发.由此,超强El Ni?o事件所导致的大尺度大气环流异常是我国中东部,尤其华北地区冬季雾霾天气频发的重要原因之一.  相似文献   

再论相对湿度对区别都市霾与雾(轻雾)的意义   总被引：35，自引：16，他引：19  

吴兑 《广东气象》2006,(1):9-13

在都市,霾的出现有重要的空气质量指示意义。而雾或轻雾的记录,有明确的天气指示意义,与特定的天气系统相联系。由于经济规模的迅速扩大和城市化进程的加快,都市霾现象或者是灰霾天气日趋严重,霾与雾的区分成为一个非常现实,又迫切需要解决的问题。在全国气象系统的台站观测中,区分霾与雾(轻雾)的判据比较混乱,缺乏可比性,东南沿海各省不成文规定的用相对湿度区分的标准普遍偏低,将大量霾记成了轻雾或雾。实际上近地层大气中每时每刻总是有霾存在的,而雾滴的存在是少见或罕见的;霾滴要想通过吸湿增长成为雾滴,必须有足够的过饱和度,能够越过过饱和驼峰才行,这在自然界并不容易。在非饱和条件下,不但非水溶性的霾不能转化成雾滴,既便是水溶性的霾粒子一般也不可能吸湿转化为雾滴。实测资料表明出现雾时,极端最小相对湿度是91%,在相对湿度低于90%的情况下,没有观测到雾。降温是达到饱和形成雾滴的最主要、最重要的物理过程,在自然界中的霾滴通过吸湿过程增长成雾滴几乎不可能。历史上我国各级气象部门从来不存在以相对湿度70%界定轻雾与霾的补充规定,由于理解的问题,将大量霾记成了轻雾。区分霾和雾,应该根据影响天气系统的变化,结合宏观特征的各种判据来确定。建议将相对湿度的阈值定为90%,作为区分轻雾(雾)与霾的辅助判据是合理的。  相似文献   

我国近年雾研究方法及研究热点综述   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

王博妮  徐芬  田小毅  袁成松 《气象科技》2014,42(1):23-30

在过去的几十年里,我国关于雾的各项研究已取得了丰硕的成果。对近年来该领域研究的最新进展和研究成果进行总结和概括,包括气候统计方法对雾特征的研究、数值模拟方法对雾的机制研究、雾微物理结构研究、雾的监测识别与预报技术研究。在此基础上,针对目前雾研究领域的热点和未来可能的研究方向进行了分析,包括高速公路大雾天气的研究、霾研究、雾与城市化相互作用以及沿海和复杂地形地区雾的研究。  相似文献   

雾霾天对青岛P M2.5中铁、磷浓度及溶解度的影响     

管阳  石金辉 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2021,51(4)

大气气溶胶中铁(Fe)和磷(P)溶解度决定了其沉降入海后对海洋初级生产及固碳能力的影响。本文分析了2017—2018年冬季在青岛采集的PM2.5样品中总态、溶解态Fe(Total Fe,TFe;Soluble Fe,SFe)和总态、溶解态P(Total P,TP;Soluble P,SP)浓度,讨论了雾、雾霾、霾和晴天对Fe和P浓度及溶解度的影响。平均而言,TFe浓度在雾天和雾霾天显著低于晴天,霾天则与晴天基本相当;SFe在雾天和雾霾天显著高于晴天,霾天也高于晴天,但二者无显著差异。Fe溶解度在雾天时最高,为16.8%,其次是雾霾天,平均为8.9%,霾天和晴天基本相当,为3.5%左右。TP与TFe和SP与SFe具有显著相关关系,其浓度变化趋势一致,但不同天气下P浓度的差异明显小于Fe。P溶解度在雾天和雾霾天约为80%,霾天时为45%,均显著高于晴天时的27%。PM2.5中Fe和P主要来自地壳源的贡献,未受人为活动影响时,Fe、P溶解度分别为1.5%~2%和16%~18%。大气酸化作用和相对湿度(Relative humidity,RH)的协同作用是不同天气条件下Fe、P溶解度产生差异的主要机制。霾天时气溶胶Fe、P溶解度明显低于雾霾天,其原因是霾天时低于60%的RH限制了大气酸化作用对溶解度的影响。  相似文献   

都市霾与雾的区分及粤港澳的灰霾天气观测预报预警标准   总被引：17，自引：16，他引：17  

吴兑  邓雪娇  毕雪岩  李菲  谭浩波 《广东气象》2007,29(2):5-10,28

都市霾与雾的区分是迫切需要解决的问题。霾的出现有重要的空气质量指示意义,而雾的记录,有明确的天气指示意义。通常在平面时已达到饱和的水汽压,对相当于球面的云雾滴来讲就是未饱和的,云雾滴就会蒸发;在水汽条件不变时,云雾滴由于蒸发而变小,导致它的平衡水汽压升高,就更易蒸发掉。在不饱和大气中小于数μm的云雾滴必然蒸发,而且伴随着蒸发云雾滴尺度会进一步变小,导致曲率越来越大,蒸发速率越来越快。过去错误认为凝结核可以在低相对湿度(RH)情况下产生凝结生成雾滴的观点,是忽视了粒子曲率作用的结果,将实验室大颗粒(常常达mm量级)的吸湿性特征,延用至次μm粒子造成的。降温是达到饱和形成雾滴的重要物理过程,云雾是低温下饱和气块的可见标志。在云雾中必然存在凝结或凝华过程,因而必然伴随着潜热释放,这就使云雾内的温度高于环境,在云雾内必然盛行微弱的上升气流,不可能是下沉气流,这些宏观过程在霾层内是不存在的,因而成为识别雾与霾的重要的宏观动力条件。在对历史资料进行统计时,在排除降水、吹雪、雪暴、沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘、烟幕等视程障碍现象的情况下,通过调试RH,使雾与轻雾反映自然的年际与年代际气候波动,而霾反映由于人类活动而引起的趋势性变化,其限值大体在90%左右,与美国和英国在讨论霾影响能见度(vis)的长期变化趋势中使用的限值RH<90%相同。20世纪80年代以来大幅增加的霾日,绝大部分是由于人类活动影响的气溶胶细粒子污染造成的。依据上述结果和以前的研究,给出了霾与雾区分的概念模型、霾与雾观测的标准和灰霾天气预警信号发布的标准,并介绍了相关的业务产品。  相似文献