Simulation of Wetting and Drying Processes in A Depth Integrated Shallow Water Flow Model by Slot Method     

袁德奎  孙健  李小宝 《中国海洋工程》2008,22(3):491-502

A particular porosity method named ＂slot method＂ is implemented in a depth-integrated shallow water flow model （DIVAST） to simulate wetting and drying processes. Discussed is the relationship between the shape factors of the ＂slot＂ and the preset depth used in ＂wetting-drying＂ algorithm. Two typical tests are conducted to examine the performance of the method with the effect of the shape factors of the ＂slot＂ being checked in detail in the first test. Numerical results demonstrate that： 1 ） no additional effort to improve the finite difference scheme is needed to implement ＂slot method＂ in DIVAST, and 2） ＂slot method＂ will simulate wetting and diying processes correctly if the shape factors of the ＂slot＂ being selected properly.  相似文献   

Measurements and calculations of seasonal evaporation rate from bare sandstone surfaces: Implications for rock weathering     

Martin Slavík  Jiří Bruthans  Tomáš Weiss  Jana Schweigstillová 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(12):2965-2981

Evaporation from porous rock plays an important role in weathering processes. In the case of salt weathering, the evaporation rate controls supersaturation of salt solutions within pores and the amount of precipitated aggressive salts, therefore weathering occurs mostly in places with intense evaporation. Evaporation also strongly affects frost, hydric and biogenic weathering, as these are influenced by water content and its temporal changes. Despite its importance, evaporation from porous rocks has seen little scientific focus. We present a study on evaporation from bare sandstone, one of the most common rocks affected by weathering. A new method that measures the evaporation rate from the surfaces of sandstone samples under field microclimate was developed and tested. Also, a simple calculation of 1D evaporation rate from bare sandstone surfaces based on Fick's law of diffusion is presented. The measurement was performed using sandstone cores (with a set depth of the vaporization plane) in a humid continental climate and measured on a roughly monthly interval for about 1 year. For the calculations, a laboratory-measured water-vapour diffusion coefficient of the sandstone, in-situ seasonally measured vaporization plane depth, and values of air humidity and temperature were used. The sensitivity analyses showed that the most important factor controlling the evaporation rate was the vaporization plane depth, while seasonal and spatial changes of air humidity and temperature were of lesser importance. The calculated evaporation rate reasonably follows measured values. For its simplicity and the small number of parameters required, the proposed method has the potential to improve knowledge of weathering and living conditions of endolithic and epilithic organisms. Further research should focus on factors affecting the evaporation rate (wind, hygroscopicity, hydrophobicity, etc.) to improve the accuracy of the calculations, as well as to test the applicability of the method for other lithologies and climates. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

干旱化背景下区域产业发展适应对策——以陕北榆林市为例   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘晓琼  刘彦随 《地理科学进展》2006,25(5):86-93

陕北榆林市既是我国重要的能源重化工基地, 又是生态环境极端脆弱的危急区。如何在气 候干旱化背景下围绕事关区域经济可持续发展的先导因素———水资源, 实现能源矿产资源可持 续开发, 保障基地的稳定发展是关系能源重化工基地生死存亡并危及国家能源安全的大事。本文 通过分析研究区气候变化及区域产业发展面临的各类问题, 提出应在科学发展观指导下, 以保护 性利用水资源为核心, 因地制宜地选用发展农业对策, 促进能源矿产资源合理开发。  相似文献   

A New Wetting and Drying Method for Moving Boundary in Shallow Water Flow Models     

孙健  陶建华 《海洋工程》2010,(1):79-92

To deal with the moving boundary hydrodynamic problems of the tidal flats in shallow water flow models, a new wetting and drying (WD) method is proposed. In the new method, a “predicted water depth” is evaluated explicitly based on the simplified shallow water equations and used to determine the status (wet or dry) together with the direction of flow. Compared with previous WD method, besides the water elevation, more factors, such as the flow velocity and the surface shear stress, are taken into account in the new method to determine the moving boundary. In addition, a formula is deduced to determine the threshold, as critical water depth, which needs to be preset before simulations. The new WD method is tested with five cases including three 1D ones and two 2D ones. The results show that the new WD method can simulate the wetting and drying process, in both typical and practical cases, with smooth manner and achieves effective estimation of the retention volume at shallow water body.  相似文献   

羊庄盆地土壤水分变化规律研究     

叶进霞 《山东国土资源》2015,31(7)

羊庄盆地地下水资源丰富,是枣庄市和滕州市的主要供水水源之一。该文采用中子法和烘干法相结合的监测方法,对羊庄盆地不同位置、不同深度和不同时间段的土壤水分进行了监测,分析了土壤水分在空间和时间上的变化规律;土壤水分监测为求取有关水文地质参数和地下水资源评价提供了基础性数据。  相似文献   

东亚冬季风演变和亚洲内陆干旱化信号的多尺度分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

杨周  林振山  俞鸣同 《第四纪研究》2011,31(1):73-80

对中国灵台黄土剖面1MaB.P.粒度时间序列和赵家川剖面3.6Ma风尘通量时间序列进行经验模态分解,探讨东亚冬季风和亚洲内陆干旱化的演变特征,发现,1)1MaB.P.以来,东亚冬季风波动主要周期是100ka,40ka和20ka,其中100ka的周期为主导周期;2)在100ka,40ka和20ka周期即偏心率周期、黄赤交...  相似文献   

Balancing the source terms in a SPH model for solving the shallow water equations     

《Advances in water resources》2013

A shallow flow generally features complex hydrodynamics induced by complicated domain topography and geometry. A numerical scheme with well-balanced flux and source term gradients is therefore essential before a shallow flow model can be applied to simulate real-world problems. The issue of source term balancing has been exhaustively investigated in grid-based numerical approaches, e.g. discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods and finite volume Godunov-type methods. In recent years, a relatively new computational method, smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH), has started to gain popularity in solving the shallow water equations (SWEs). However, the well-balanced problem has not been fully investigated and resolved in the context of SPH. This work aims to discuss the well-balanced problem caused by a standard SPH discretization to the SWEs with slope source terms and derive a corrected SPH algorithm that is able to preserve the solution of lake at rest. In order to enhance the shock capturing capability of the resulting SPH model, the Monotone Upwind-centered Scheme for Conservation Laws (MUSCL) is also explored and applied to enable Riemann solver based artificial viscosity. The new SPH model is validated against several idealized benchmark tests and a real-world dam-break case and promising results are obtained.  相似文献   

温度对藨草(Scirpus triqueter)分解的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

柳新伟  刘君 《湿地科学》2013,11(3)

在5℃、15℃和25℃温度下,研究蔗草(Scirpus triqueter)烘干样品和鲜样品的分解状况,探讨夏季受淹死亡的藨草分解动态及其与正常凋落物分解的差异.结果表明,5个月后,25℃处理下,藨草剩余干物质质量分别为初始时的31.20％(烘干样品)和19.30％(鲜样品);5℃处理下,蔗草剩余干物质质量分别为初始时的65.15％(烘干样品)和62.12％(鲜样品);25℃处理下的蔗草剩余干物质质量明显低于5℃处理下的蔗草剩余干物质质量;藨草的前处理亦会影响其分解过程,在5℃和15℃处理下,藨草鲜样品在前期的分解速度低于藨草烘干样品,但它们后期的分解速度无明显差别,而在25℃处理下,蔗草鲜样品的分解速度明显大于烘干样品.因此,在夏季丰水期,具有明显水文动态的河流中的矮小水生植物,在受淹死亡后,其分解速度较快,能对生态系统的物质循环和水质环境产生影响.  相似文献   

Influencing factors of geometrical structure of surface shrinkage cracks in clayey soils   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

Chaosheng Tang  Bin Shi  Chun Liu  Lizheng Zhao  Baojun Wang 《Engineering Geology》2008,101(3-4):204-217

In order to investigate the effects of temperature, thickness of soil layer, wetting and drying cycles and soil types on geometrical structure of surface shrinkage cracks in clayey soils, special software Crack Image Analysis System (CIAS) for analyzing shrinkage crack patterns was developed. Eight groups of soil samples were prepared and subjected to drying to crack in laboratory. The number of crack segments and intersections, average crack length, width and aggregate area, crack intensity factor (CIF), and the corresponding probability density functions (PDF) of these parameters were determined by analyzing several crack patterns derived from different experimental conditions. The results show that the soil cracking behavior and the geometrical structure of crack patterns are significantly influenced by these considered factors. There is a tendency of crack length, width, aggregate area and their most probable value (MPV) related to the PDF increases with temperature increase. With thicker soil layers, the average crack length, width, aggregate area and CIF are increased, and the main distribution ranges of crack length, width and aggregate area are increased also. When the soil is subjected to multiple wetting–drying cycles, the soil surface generates more irregular and coarse cracks. The number of short and narrow crack segments increases significantly, and the CIF decreases with an increase in wetting–drying cycles. It is also observed that the extent of cracking is directly related to the soil fines fraction and its plasticity index (I_P). The greatest CIF and crack width are observed in the soils with the largest fines fraction and highest I_P. In addition, the ratio of numbers of crack segments to intersections ranges from 1.5 to 2, and cracking mainly takes place in three stages: main-cracks initiation stage; sub-cracks initiation stage; terminal stable stage.  相似文献   

Study of the soil–atmosphere moisture exchanges through convective drying tests in non‐isothermal conditions     

Pierre Gerard  Angélique Léonard  Jean‐Pierre Masekanya  Robert Charlier  Frédéric Collin 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2010,34(12):1297-1320

This paper deals with the moisture exchanges occurring between soils and the surrounding atmosphere. Convective drying tests are performed on Awans silts at different drying temperatures and air relative humidities in order to reproduce the natural drying conditions. The experiments improve the understanding of the vapour transfers kinetics between the soil samples and the atmosphere. The experimental results are analysed assuming that the transfers take place in a boundary layer existing at the surface of the porous medium. The influence of the thermal conditions on the evaporation is also taken into account. In our model, coupled vapour and energy exchanges are controlled by mass and heat transfer coefficients characterizing the boundary layer. These coefficients are determined from the drying experiments. The modelling of the drying tests in non‐isothermal conditions is performed in order to validate the formulation of the vapour and heat exchanges. The numerical results present a good agreement with the kinetic of the materials desaturation determined during the tests. The analysis of the moisture transport mechanisms into the sample and at the boundary shows that at the beginning of the test, the drying is first achieved by the transport of moisture in its liquid form and its evaporation at the sample outer boundary in contact with the atmosphere. In a second step, vapour diffusion becomes predominant into the sample and it corresponds to the most important decrease of relative humidity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献