Velocity profile of a sand cloud blowing over a gravel surface   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Zhibao Dong  Hongtao Wang  Xiaoping Liu  Fang Li  Aiguo Zhao 《Geomorphology》2002,45(3-4)

Particle dynamic analyzer (PDA) measurement technology was used to study the turbulent characteristics and the variation with height of the mean horizontal (in the downwind direction) and vertical (in the upward direction) particle velocity of a sand cloud blowing over a gravel surface. The results show that the mean horizontal particle velocity of the cloud increases with height, while the mean vertical velocity decreases with height. The variation of the mean horizontal velocity with height is, to some extent, similar to the wind profile that increases logarithmically with height in the turbulent boundary layer. The variation of the mean vertical velocity with height is much more complex than that of the mean horizontal velocity. The increase of the resultant mean velocity with height can be expressed by a modified power function. Particle turbulence in the downwind direction decreases with height, while that in the vertical direction is complex. For fine sands (0.2–0.3 mm and 0.3–0.4 mm), there is a tendency for the particle turbulence to increase with height. In the very near-surface layer (<4 mm), the movement of blown sand particles is very complex due to the rebound of particles on the bed and the interparticle collisions in the air. Wind starts to accelerate particle movement about 4 mm from the surface. The initial rebound on the bed and the interparticle collisions in the air have a profound effect on particle movement below that height, where particle concentration is very high and wind velocity is very low.  相似文献   

新疆城市化过程及机制分析   总被引：17，自引：19，他引：17  

杨德刚  李秀萍  韩剑萍  张小雷 《干旱区地理》2003,26(1):50-56

城市人则城市化研究的核心问题。在分析新疆城市化现状特征的基础上，围绕新疆城市发展的阶段和过程，采用多因素的灰色关联分析和比较分析等手段，对新疆1978－2000年间城市化发展过程进行分析和探讨，寻求并探索新疆城市化发展的特征、水平和演化机制。研究结果发现各因素与城市化的关联度不仅在横向上存在着指标间的差异，在纵向上显示出1990－2000间各指标与城市化的相关性明显高于1978－1989年间，部分指标与城市化关系发生了负向变化。表明近20多年来新疆城市化稳定发展，城市化系统条件（农村和城市的控制性次系统及整个社会经济文化）有一定的提高，体现了系统各因素与城市化发展的同向性以及区域发展的合理趋势，但整体薄弱的社会经济基础是新疆城市化落后的根本原因，产业结构升级转换仍将是新疆城市化的主要动力。  相似文献   

塔里木盆地地貌过程对绿洲形成演变的影响   总被引：2，自引：5，他引：2  

杨发相 《干旱区地理》2003,26(4):361-366

第三纪末以来，天山、昆仑山强烈隆起使塔里木盆地相对下沉，山盆高差悬殊大，白山顶至盆地腹部地貌外力作用过程依次由冰川作用→冰缘作用→流水作用→干燥作用→冲→洪积作用→湖积作用→风沙作用过渡。在山区河谷平原、平原区冲积扇、冲积平原、湖积平原等地方形成条带状、串珠状、扇形状绿洲，绿洲平面几何形状与适宜绿洲形成与发展的地貌类型空间分布基本吻合。绿洲荒漠化和荒漠绿洲化与地貌过程的关系密切。纵观区内地貌过程发展趋势可预测，区内流水、风沙和人类活动三大地貌过程将有增无减，流水侵蚀与风蚀风积作用将对绿洲产生不良作用。山区流水侵蚀过程加强导致山麓地带绿洲山洪泥石流危害加重。平原河流下游地区流水作用减弱，风蚀风积过程加剧，由绿洲→荒漠演变，而人类活动可分建设作用与破坏作用两方面，前者可稳定绿洲乃至促进荒漠绿洲化而后者则导致绿洲荒漠化。因此，改善山区、山麓地带，特别是盆地南缘与塔河中、下游等重要地区地貌过程并防止绿洲荒漠化，是保障区域可持续发展的有效途径。  相似文献   

塔里木河近期水量调配基本问题探讨     

周跃志  潘晓玲  王福勇 《干旱区地理》2003,26(4):425-428

在塔里木河近期水量调配中，引入生态用水观念，从生态经济社会协调和全流程生态用水均衡目标出发，运用系统均衡理论，分析了塔里木河近期水量调配的目标、思路和技术途径，提出了流程纵横向均衡目标、水量配置定额的总量和结构相结合控制、生态用水下泄定额“扣除法”与“倒推法”处理，水量配置定额在时间序列上的分解等观点和方法。  相似文献   

'In the shadow of hierarchy': meta-governance, policy reform and urban regeneration in the West Midlands   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Mark Whitehead 《Area》2003,35(1):6-14

This paper explores the relationship between political hierarchy and the complex webs of political organization associated with urban governance. Deploying the concept of meta-governance and a study of urban policy reform in the West Midlands region of England, this paper claims that state and governmental hierarchies continue to have a crucial role in coordinating the activities of governance regimes in the UK. This paper concludes by considering the effects of hierarchical power on the systems of political participation and representation that are associated with urban governance.  相似文献   

蒙甘新相邻(北山)地区金铜矿床时空分布特征及成矿作用   总被引：14，自引：1，他引：14       下载免费PDF全文

聂凤军  江思宏  白大明  刘妍  张义  赵月明  安存杰  王新亮  苏新旭 《矿床地质》2003,22(3):234-245

文章首次对蒙甘新相邻(北山)地区各类金、铜和铜—镍矿床(点)地质特征、成因类型和空间分布特点进行了系统总结，论证了金、铜和铜—镍成矿作用与古生代岩浆活动的关系，对区域地壳演化过程中金、铜和铜—镍成矿的动力学机制进行了深入讨论。研究结果表明，该区的金矿床(点)大体可划分为变质岩型、火山岩型、斑岩型和深成侵入岩型；铜矿床(点)有斑岩型、夕卡岩型和铜—镍硫化物型。金和铜矿床(点)大都沿古板块汇聚带分布，与海西期火成岩具密切的时空分布关系，它们是古板块对接碰撞期和碰撞期后大规模构造—岩浆活动的产物。  相似文献   

层次分析法在太行山区地质灾害危险性分区中的应用   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  

褚洪斌  母海东  王金哲 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2003,14(3):125-129

层次分析方法是一种定性与定量相结合的多目标决策分析方法。是解决类似地质环境问题的这种目标结构复杂且又缺乏系统资料的研究问题的一条有效途径。地质灾害的发生与其所处的背景条件密切相关。当一种地质灾害具备了产生的内在条件并与适当的外在诱发条件相结合，即构成它产生的充分必要条件。否则，它具有一定的潜在危害性。论文采用层次分析法通过对河北省太行山地区地质灾害主要影响因素的分析，以滑坡、泥石流、崩塌、水土流失等为计算样本。计算出各地质灾害影响因素对计算样本的影响权重，并通过计算机进行网络剖分、因素叠加，计算出单位面积的单灾种评价指数和综合性评价指数，用以表征整个地区地质灾害的危险性。  相似文献   

Contrast in Fluid M etallogeny between the Tianmashan Au-S Deposit and the Datuanshan Cu Deposit in Tongling, Anhui Province     

LEE Hyun Koo 《《地质学报》英文版》2003,77(1):116-124

A comprehensive contrast of ore-forming geological background and ore-forming fluid features, especially fluid ore-forming processes, has been performed between the Tianmashan and the Datuanshan ore deposits in Tongling, Anhui Province. The major reasons for the formation of the stratabound skarn Au-S ore deposit in Tianmashan and the stratabound skarn Cu ore deposit in Datuanshan are analyzed in accordance with this contrast. The magmatic pluton in Tianmashan is rich in Au and poor in Cu, but that in Datuanshan is rich in Cu and Au. The wallrock strata in Tianmashan contain Au-bearing pyrite layers with some organic substance but those in Datuanshan contain no such layers. Moreover, the ore-forming fluids in Tianmashan are dominantly magmatic ones at the oxide and sulfide stages, but those with high content of Cu in Datuanshan are mainly groundwater fluids. In addition, differences in compositional evolution and physicochemical condition variation of the ore-forming fluids result in gradual dispersion  相似文献   

Efficiency of base isolation systems in structural seismic protection and energetic assessment     

Giuseppe Carlo Marano  Rita Greco 《地震工程与结构动力学》2003,32(10):1505-1531

This paper concerns the seismic response of structures isolated at the base by means of High Damping Rubber Bearings (HDRB). The analysis is performed by using a stochastic approach, and a Gaussian zero mean filtered non‐stationary stochastic process is used in order to model the seismic acceleration acting at the base of the structure. More precisely, the generalized Kanai–Tajimi model is adopted to describe the non‐stationary amplitude and frequency characteristics of the seismic motion. The hysteretic differential Bouc–Wen model (BWM) is adopted in order to take into account the non‐linear constitutive behaviour both of the base isolation device and of the structure. Moreover, the stochastic linearization method in the time domain is adopted to estimate the statistical moments of the non‐linear system response in the state space. The non‐linear differential equation of the response covariance matrix is then solved by using an iterative procedure which updates the coefficients of the equivalent linear system at each step and searches for the solution of the response covariance matrix equation. After the system response variance is estimated, a sensitivity analysis is carried out. The final aim of the research is to assess the real capacity of base isolation devices in order to protect the structures from seismic actions, by avoiding a non‐linear response, with associated large plastic displacements and, therefore, by limiting related damage phenomena in structural and non‐structural elements. In order to attain this objective the stochastic response of a non‐linear n‐dof shear‐type base‐isolated building is analysed; the constitutive law both of the structure and of the base devices is described, as previously reported, by adopting the BWM and by using appropriate parameters for this model, able to suitably characterize an ordinary building and the base isolators considered in the study. The protection level offered to the structure by the base isolators is then assessed by evaluating the reduction both of the displacement response and the hysteretic dissipated energy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

非活动大陆边缘的天然气水合物及其成藏过程述评   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

张光学祝有海  徐华宁 《地质论评》2003,49(2):181-186

非活动陆缘是板块活动相对较弱的地区，也是水合物发育的有利地区。通过对世界各地非活动陆缘地区水合物富集情况的系统分析，发现断褶组合构造、底辟构造以及“麻坑”地貌（Pockmark)与水合物的关系密切。尽管模拟海底反射层（Bottom Simulating Reflector,简称BSR，下同）是最重要的水合物识别标志，但水合物与BSR之间并不存在严格的一一对应关系。非活动陆缘具有丰富的烃类物质来源和适宜的温压条件，而断裂－褶皱组合构造、垒堑式构造和底辟构造等则为烃类气体的运移、富集和成藏提供了有利的构造环境，便于最终形成水合物。非活动陆缘的深水区往往发育有多期叠合盆地，因其物源、温压、构造和沉积条件的内在关联性，常常形成深部石油、中部天然气、浅部水合物的“三位一体”烃类能源结构模式。  相似文献