Farmer’s adaptive strategies on land competition between societal outcomes and agroecosystem conservation in the purple-soiled hilly region, southwestern China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Qiang Tang  Yuhai Bao  Xiubin He  Bo Zhu  Xinbao Zhang 《山地科学学报》2012,9(1):77-86

The worldwide extension and intensification of farming during the last century has led to ecosystem degradation and caused a series of environmental problems.Conservation of ecosystem services in agricultural regions has been implemented by top-down government actions or initiated by resilience scientists in the developed countries,but little attention was paid in the developing countries,especially in some remote mountainous regions.The present paper presents a case study showing how local farmers obtained both maximal societal outcomes and agroecosystem conservation interests in the absence of distinct boundaries between agricultural and protected ecological areas in the densely populated purple-soiled hilly region of southwestern China.The local community(Yanting County) has developed a mosaic agricultural-forestry-fishery-stock breeding system with spatially targeted land uses,diverse agricultural productions and multiple ecological partnerships.It indicates that the local farmers have hereditarily perceived sound strategies on maximizing sustainable societal outcomes and optimizing tradeoffs among macro-market,state policy,new technological facility and ecological reinforcement.  相似文献   

额济纳绿洲植物群落种间关系和生态位研究   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

霍红  冯起  苏永红  司建华  席海洋  鱼腾飞 《中国沙漠》2013,33(4):1027-1033

根据61个天然植物群落样地的野外调查资料,采用生态位测度、方差比率法和基于2×2列联表的χ2检验、Ochiai关联指数、Pearson积矩相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数等方法,对额济纳绿洲植物群落主要物种进行了生态位和种间关联分析。结果表明：（1）胡杨（Populus euphratica）、柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima）、苦豆子（Sophora alopecuroide）生态位宽度值大,分别为该区的泛化种和乔木层、灌木层及草本层的优势种;（2）额济纳绿洲植物群落物种的总体联结性为不显著的正联结,大多数种对间呈中性联结（χ2<3.841,p>0.05）,物种趋向于独立分布。（3）种间联结系数（Ochiai指数）与生态位重叠之间极显著正相关,而生态位宽度与生态位重叠之间并无直接线性关系。  相似文献   

Interaction between wild camelids and livestock in an Andean semi-desert     

M. Borgnia  B.L. Vil  M.H. Cassini 《Journal of Arid Environments》2008,72(12):2150-2158

Isoleg theory predicts that coexistence between two competing species can occur when the subordinate, generalist species uses alternative patches of resources as the density of the dominant specialist species increases. These models provide a framework to determine if a native species is subordinate to an introduced one, thus requires conservation considerations. We investigated habitat interactions between a wild neotropical camelid and domestic exotic ungulates in the Andean Puna semi-desert of South America. The Puna or Altiplano is an arid environment located in high altitudes, with cold and dry weather, and two main types of habitats, steppes and swamp areas. There was a high overlap of diets between species. Vicuñas were generalists in the use of habitat, but invested foraging effort in swamp habitats, while livestock were taken to swamp habitats by local people. Vicuñas and livestock were spatially segregated. Vicuñas used the preferred habitat less than expected from their foraging preference. We concluded that vicuñas and livestock coexist because vicuñas occupy sub-optimal habitats whilst livestock concentrate in the richest ones. Vicuñas can deal with poor habitats because they have several adaptations to live in deserts.  相似文献   

政府间竞争行为与地方发展规划编制   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

惠彦  陈雯 《地域研究与开发》2008,27(2):20-24

在现行的行政管理和政绩考核体制下,为了在辖区经济增长竞赛中胜出,中国地方政府特别是市县级政府间存在激烈的竞争.地方发展规划作为反映地方政府意图的规划,不可避免地受到政府竞争行为的影响.并成为显示政绩和争夺资源的工具、集聚要素的方案和凝聚人心的宣传工具,这使得规划编制的出发点、规划内容和规划编制过程都出现了一系列的偏差.尽管市县"十一五"规划与以往相比有了很大的进步,但仍存在科学性不强、操作性不足和约束力不够等问题.分析了地方政府在竞争状态下的行为以及政府竞争行为对规划编制的影响,并对地方发展规划的编制效果进行了评估.  相似文献   

Tree root systems competing for soil moisture in a 3D soil–plant model     

《Advances in water resources》2014

Competition for water among multiple tree rooting systems is investigated using a soil–plant model that accounts for soil moisture dynamics and root water uptake (RWU), whole plant transpiration, and leaf-level photosynthesis. The model is based on a numerical solution to the 3D Richards equation modified to account for a 3D RWU, trunk xylem, and stomatal conductances. The stomatal conductance is determined by combining a conventional biochemical demand formulation for photosynthesis with an optimization hypothesis that selects stomatal aperture so as to maximize carbon gain for a given water loss. Model results compare well with measurements of soil moisture throughout the rooting zone, of total sap flow in the trunk xylem, as well as of leaf water potential collected in a Loblolly pine forest. The model is then used to diagnose plant responses to water stress in the presence of competing rooting systems. Unsurprisingly, the overlap between rooting zones is shown to enhance soil drying. However, the 3D spatial model yielded transpiration-bulk root-zone soil moisture relations that do not deviate appreciably from their proto-typical form commonly assumed in lumped eco-hydrological models. The increased overlap among rooting systems primarily alters the timing at which the point of incipient soil moisture stress is reached by the entire soil–plant system.  相似文献   

广西高空气象测报技能竞赛探析     

韦丽英  梁建平  赵建吉  王成刚 《气象研究与应用》2009,30(1):60-62

通过对高空气象测报技能竞赛结果进行探讨分析,总结经验,找出不足之处,并提出合理化建议.  相似文献   

广西客观预报工具竞赛工作总结分析     

陆虹  孙崇智 《气象研究与应用》2005,26(1):59-60

通过组织客观预报工具竞赛,促进客观、定量、精细化预报业务的发展,达到提高预报准确率的目的。  相似文献   

Studying interactions between excavating sponges and massive corals by the use of hybrid cores          下载免费PDF全文

James K. H. Fang  Robert A. B. Mason  Christine H. L. Schönberg  Ove Hoegh‐Guldberg  Sophie Dove 《Marine Ecology》2017,38(1)

Excavating sponges often compete with reef‐building corals. To study sponge–coral interactions, we devised a design of hybrid cores that allows sponges and corals to be arranged side by side with similar size and shape, mimicking the situation of neighbouring organisms. Compared to earlier methods that attached sponge cores onto coral surfaces, hybrid cores provide an opportunity to study organism interactions under conditions more equal to the interacting partners. The use of hybrid cores was demonstrated for the excavating sponge Cliona orientalis and the massive coral Porites, which commonly interact on the Great Barrier Reef. Cliona orientalis and massive Porites were cut into half‐moon shaped explants and combined as hybrid cores under replicate conditions. After 90 days in an aquarium setting, positive growth of Cl. orientalis along with net bioerosion were observed in sponge control cores that combined Cl. orientalis with blank substrate. However, when Cl. orientalis and massive Porites were in contact in interaction cores, the sponge displayed negative growth and undetectable bioerosion, and was slightly overgrown by the coral. Cliona orientalis may have developed tissue extension beneath the living coral tissue, but growth and net calcification rates of massive Porites were apparently not affected by Cl. orientalis when comparing the interaction cores to coral control cores that combined massive Porites with blank substrate. Overall, the present work demonstrated that hybrid cores can be used to generate conditions suitable for studying sponge–coral interactions in the laboratory, which can also be applied in the field.  相似文献   

Fecundity in the marine spiny lobster Jasus verreauxi (H. Milne Edwards) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palinuridae)     

Craig B. Kensler 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):143-155

Fecundity in Jasus verreauxi (H. Milne Edwards, 1851) has been studied by a detailed investigation of (a) the total weight of eggs carried by female specimens, (b) the average number of eggs per 1 g sample, and (c) the total number of eggs carried by females. In mid October 1966, 217 females “in berry” (that is, carrying external eggs) were examined and measured at Spirits Bay, New Zealand. The fecundity study is based on the results obtained from 21 selected specimens, with carapace lengths from 15.5 cm to 23.5 cm.

A direct relation was found between the total weight of eggs carried and increase in carapace length. The total weight of eggs carried varied from about 51 g to 238 g for carapace lengths of 15.5 cm to 23.5 cm. No correlation was shown between the average number of eggs per 1 g sample and increase in carapace length. Considerable variation was noted in the number of eggs per 1 g sample, which ranged from a low count of 6,453 eggs to a high count of 8,341 eggs. The total number of eggs carried by female J. verreauxi was found to be related to an increase in carapace length. Furthermore, increase in fecundity per relative carapace length increase was noted to be greater in smaller specimens than in larger specimens. The total number of eggs carried ranged from about 385,000 for a carapace length of 15.5 cm to 1,940,000 for a carapace length of 23.5 cm.

Fecundity, as measured by the total weight of eggs carried and the total number of eggs produced, was found to be much higher in J. verreauxi than in several Jasus species previously studied by other workers.  相似文献   

Ecosystem considerations of the KwaZulu-Natal sardine run     

《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(2):413-421

The annual winter sardine run along the South African east coast impacts the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) coastal system in a variety of ways. These include ecological impacts, such as enrichment of a largely oligotrophic environment, competition between migrant sardine Sardinops sagax, other migrant and resident small pelagic fish species, and interactions with predators, as well as the socio-economic impacts of the sardine run on the local people. Enrichment of KZN coastal waters with organic nitrogen contained within the sardine is compared with alternative sources of nitrogen such as upwelling, river, sewage and stormwater runoff, and groundwater discharge. The sardine run appears to contribute most nitrogen to this system—96 000 t compared to 500–3 300 t for each of the other significant sources at trophic level 2, although upwelling estimates are extremely wide. Nonetheless, the majority of surviving sardine, their young and predators return southwards, suggesting that the nett export of nitrogen to KZN waters during the run is likely to be of a similar order of magnitude as that from other sources. Further, whereas the sardine supply of nitrogen is exclusively during winter, the bulk of the riverine input is in summer, thus ensuring that nitrogen supply in the region is maintained at fairly constant levels throughout the year. Competition for food between small pelagic fish is minimised by resource partitioning, but further dietary data are needed for resident species. Although interactions between sardine and top predators must exist, further studies are needed to confirm links between top predator life cycles and the sardine run. The estimated value of sardine as a tourist spectacle is compared to that from a seasonal beach-seine or boat-based purse-seine fishery for this species. Whereas the estimated value of the sardine as a tourist attraction appears substantially higher than could be derived from catching them, the small-scale beach-seine fishery itself draws tourists and also provides limited, seasonal employment opportunities.  相似文献