西秦岭关家沟组的沉积环境及其物源   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

卢海峰  王宗起  王涛  姜春发 《现代地质》2005,19(3):394-402

西秦岭关家沟组地层中碎屑颗粒的总体粒度呈现向上变粗的韵律性旋回:下段为以泥质岩、砂岩互层为主的典型浊流沉积组合;中段的碎屑颗粒有向上变粗、砾岩层加厚的趋势;上段以厚层砾岩为主,夹薄层块状砂岩,砾岩中砾石含量、粒度大小分别表现出向上增加、增大的趋势。化石组合表明关家沟组为海相地层,进一步推断关家沟组可能为海底扇浊流沉积体系。对关家沟组杂砂岩组分进行了碎屑颗粒百分含量统计及粉砂岩、板岩的地球化学分析,结果表明稀土元素w(La)、w(Ce)、w(ΣREE)和δ（Eu）等特征值与大陆岛弧构造环境的相似。以本区地层斜层理产状及砾石优选方位为依据,结合砾石颗粒大小在横向上的变化,对关家沟组岩层古水流方向综合分析,推测其古水流方向为230°～356°,以北西向为主;砾石的优选方位在228°～338°之间,以北北西向为主。砾石的统计资料表明,由南向北关家沟组砾石具有颗粒由大逐渐变小、磨圆度由差→较好、优选方位由杂乱→较好的变化趋势。结合前人成果,关家沟组处于碧口弧前盆地系统内,推测关家沟组沉积物主要来自南东向的岛弧。  相似文献   

Later Holocene vegetation history of the Isles of Scilly,UK: coastal influence and human land use in a small island context          下载免费PDF全文

Marta Perez  Ralph M. Fyfe  Dan J. Charman  W. Roland Gehrels 《第四纪科学杂志》2015,30(8):764-778

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Snowmelt and the hydrological interaction of forest–grassland ecosystems in Central Yakutia,eastern Siberia          下载免费PDF全文

M. L. Lopez Caceres  F. Takakai  G. Iwahana  A. N. Fedorov  Y. Iijima  R. Hatano  M. Fukuda 《水文研究》2015,29(14):3074-3083

In the last two decades the major focus of study in forest water and carbon balances in eastern Siberia has been on the effect of rain during the growing season. Little attention has been paid to the contribution of snowmelt water. The results of the present study indicate that weather conditions during the snowmelt period as well as the soil moisture conditions carried from the previous year's growing season strongly determined the water availability for the forest ecosystem at the beginning of the next growing season. In the forest–grassland intermingled ecosystem of lowland Central Yakutia, gradual snowmelt water flow from the forest into the adjacent grassland depressions increased when soil moisture was high and air temperature was low, whereas low soil moisture and high air temperatures accelerated soil thawing and consequently snowmelt water infiltration into the forest soil. We found that snow depth did not determine the volume of snowmelt water moving to the grassland depression since the thermokarst lake water level in the adjacent grassland was about 25 cm lower in 2005 than in May 2006, even though maximum snow depth reached 57 cm and 43 cm in the winter of 2004–05 and 2005–06, respectively. The contribution of snowmelt water to forest growth as well as the flow of water from the forest to the grasslands showed a strong annual variability. We conclude that warmer springs and high variability in precipitation regimes as a result of climate change will result in more snowmelt water infiltration into the forest soil when the previous year's precipitation is low while more snowmelt water will flow into the thermokarst lake when the previous year's precipitation is high. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Quantifying transient post‐overwash aquifer recovery for atoll islands in the Western Pacific          下载免费PDF全文

Ryan T. Bailey 《水文研究》2015,29(20):4470-4482

Marine overwash events for atoll islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, which cause salinization of fresh groundwater because of infiltrating seawater, pose a significant challenge for island community sustainability in regard to water supply. Understanding transient fresh groundwater development during a post‐overwash period for a range of island sizes, geologic characteristics, and rainfall patterns is essential for water management. This paper presents a methodology for quantifying this development for an atoll nation, with methods applied to the 32 atolls of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) in the western Pacific. Using the numerical groundwater modelling code SUTRA, overwash events and post‐overwash freshwater–seawater dynamics are simulated for the range of island widths (200 to 1100 m), geologic characteristics (hydraulic conductivity corresponding to leeward and windward islands), and rainfall patterns (western, central, and eastern regions) present in the FSM, thereby providing results for each atoll island. Results show that 10–17, 8–12, and 6–12 months are required to achieve 60% freshwater lens recovery for leeward islands in the western, central, and eastern FSM, respectively, with variation due to rainfall rate and island width. In contrast, 4–9 months is required for 60% recovery for windward islands. However, the natural thinness of the lend on windward islands typically precludes extensive use of groundwater under average rainfall conditions. Overwash characteristics (depth, duration, and seasonal timing) did not significantly affect recovery times. For the region of lowest rainfall (western FSM), 6–10 months is required to achieve potable groundwater at the typical depth of hand‐dug wells. Results provide water resource managers and atoll island communities with important information regarding timing of potential fresh groundwater use following an overwash event. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Introduction to ‘A tribute to Edward P. Glenn (1947–2017): A legacy of scientific environmental assessment and applications in hydrological processes’     

Pamela L. Nagler  Kevin R. Hultine 《水文研究》2021,35(6):e14172

This special issue (SI) ‘A Tribute to Edward P. Glenn (1947-2017): A legacy of Scientific Environmental Assessment and Applications in Hydrological Processes’ is a celebration of the extensive work of Dr. Ed Glenn that was instrumental across multiple sub-disciplines of hydrology. The SI highlights four primary areas of hydrological processes that are cornerstones of Ed Glenn's over four decades of research. These contributions cover the following specialties: (i) Hydrology in the Colorado River Delta; (ii) Riparian ecosystem water use; (iii) Riparian Plant ecophysiology and ecohydrology; and (iv) Methods and models to characterize evapotranspiration. Since Ed was passionate about the dryland delta at the end of the Colorado River, we begin with four research studies that focus on this special region on the U.S.–Mexico border which encompasses four states (Baja and Sonora in Mexico and California and Arizona in United States) as well as tribal communities in the transboundary area. The Colorado River delta reaches the Northern Gulf of California in the Sea of Cortez which has been designated as a UNESCO international biosphere reserve (‘Reserva de la Biosfera El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar’), which includes the Upper Gulf of California and Delta of the Colorado River (‘Reserva de la Biosfera Alto Golfo de California y Delta del Río Colorado’). Ed spent the majority of his last three decades on water balance studies and on ground-based transpiration quantification for validation of satellite and airborne remote sensing methods. We wrap up the special issue with contributions related to improving satellite and airborne remote sensing estimation of actual evapotranspiration. It is our pleasure to summarize the 16 research studies contributed to the special issue to honour Ed Glenn's research interests.  相似文献   

A Meta-analysis of the Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Soil Microbial Community     

WANG Jiangwei  ZHANG Guangyu  YU Chengqun 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2020,11(3):298-303

In order to investigate the general tendency of soil microbial community responses to fertilizers, a meta-analysis approach was used to synthesise observations on the effects of inorganic and organic fertilizer addition (N: nitrogen; P: phosphorus; NP: nitrogen and phosphorus; PK: phosphorus and potassium; NPK: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium; OF: organic fertilizer; OF+NPK: organic fertilizer plus NPK) on soil microbial communities. Among the various studies, PK, NPK, OF and OF+NPK addition increased total phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) by 52.0%, 19.5%, 334.3% and 58.3%, respectively; while NP, OF and OF+NPK addition increased fungi by 5.6%, 21.0% and 8.2%, respectively. NP, NPK and OF addition increased bacteria by 6.4%, 9.8% and 13.3%, respectively; while NP and NPK addition increased actinomycetes by 7.0% and 14.8%, respectively. Addition of ammonium nitrate rather than urea decreased gram-negative bacteria (G ^-). N addition increased total PLFA、bacteria and actinomycetes in croplands, but decreased fungi and bacteria in forests, and the F/B ratio in grasslands. NPK addition increased total PLFA in forests but not in croplands. The N addition rate was positively correlated with the effects of N addition on gram-positive bacteria (G ⁺) and G ^-. Therefore, different fertilizers appear to have different effects on the soil microbial community. Organic fertilizers can have a greater positive effect on the soil microbial community than inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilizers on the soil microbial community varied with ecosystem types. The effect of N addition on the soil microbial community was related to both the forms of nitrogen that were added and the nitrogen addition rate.  相似文献   

天津地区城市热岛环流与海风环流相互作用的研究   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  

东高红  尉英华  解以扬  刘一玮  李英华 《气象》2015,41(12):1447-1455

利用中尺度数值模式（TJ WRF）模拟资料及天津加密自动气象站资料等,选取几个典型天气过程（城区附近局地强雷暴天气过程、受海风影响明显的无天气过程）个例,分析研究天津城市热岛环流与海风环流的空间结构特征及相互作用;重点对城市热岛环流与海风环流相互作用触发局地强雷暴的机制进行分析。结果表明：城市热岛环流的伸展高度基本在800 hPa 附近、空间范围约为20 km、环流内有弱的辐合上升;海风环流的伸展高度在800~750 hPa、空间范围40~60 km,海风环流前沿海风锋的伸展高度为950~900 hPa,垂直上升速度平均为0.2 m·s-1 ,略强于城市热岛环流。海风环流对城市热岛环流有明显消弱作用,城市热岛环流对海风环流有一定的阻挡作用,其阻挡的程度与城市热岛环流强度有关。随海风环流向内陆推进,海风环流与城市热岛环流相遇出现叠加,叠加后的辐合上升运动明显加强,最大上升速度可达0.6 m·s-1,并在不稳定天气形势条件下能触发局地强雷暴天气的出现。  相似文献   

Seasonal and interannual variations of carbon exchange over a rice-wheat rotation system on the North China Plain   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Chen Chen  Dan Li  Zhiqiu Gao  Jianwu Tang  Xiaofeng Guo  Linlin Wang  Bingcheng Wan 《大气科学进展》2015,32(10):1365-1380

Rice-wheat (R-W) rotation systems are ubiquitous in South and East Asia, and play an important role in modulating the carbon cycle and climate. Long-term, continuous flux measurements help in better understanding the seasonal and interannual variation of the carbon budget over R-W rotation systems. In this study, measurements of CO2 fluxes and meteorological variables over an R-W rotation system on the North China Plain from 2007 to 2010 were analyzed. To analyze the abiotic factors regulating Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE), NEE was partitioned into gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration. Nighttime NEE or ecosystem respiration was controlled primarily by soil temperature, while daytime NEE was mainly determined by photosythetically active radiation (PAR). The responses of nighttime NEE to soil temperature and daytime NEE to light were closely associated with crop development and photosynthetic activity, respectively. Moreover, the interannual variation in GPP and NEE mainly depended on precipitation and PAR. Overall, NEE was negative on the annual scale and the rotation system behaved as a carbon sink of 982 g C m-2 per year over the three years. The winter wheat field took up more CO2 than the rice paddy during the longer growing season, while the daily NEE for wheat and rice were -2.35 and -3.96 g C m-2, respectively. After the grain harvest was subtracted from the NEE, the winter wheat field became a moderately strong carbon sink of 251-334 g C m-2 per season, whereas the rice paddy switched to a weak carbon sink of 107-132 per season.  相似文献   

Ecosystem services or services to ecosystems? Valuing cultivation and reciprocal relationships between humans and ecosystems     

《Global Environmental Change》2015

The concept of Ecosystem Services (ES), widely understood as the “benefits that humans receive from the natural functioning of healthy ecosystems” (Jeffers et al., 2015), depicts a one-way flow of services from ecosystems to people. We argue that this conceptualisation is overly simplistic and largely inaccurate, neglecting the reality that humans often contribute to the maintenance and enhancement of ecosystems, as often evidenced (but not exclusively) in many traditional and Indigenous societies. Management interventions arising from Ecosystem Services research are thus potentially damaging to both ecosystems and indigenous rights. We present the concept of ‘Services to Ecosystems’ (S2E) to address this, closing the loop of the reciprocal relationship between humans and ecosystems. Case studies from the biocultural ecosystems of Amazonia and the Pacific Northwest of North America (Cascadia) are used to illustrate the concept and provide examples of Services to Ecosystems in past and current societies. Finally, an alternative framework is presented, advancing the existing framework for Ecosystem Services by incorporating this reconceptualization and the loop of reciprocity. The framework aims to facilitate the inclusion of Services to Ecosystems in management strategies based upon Ecosystem Services, and highlights the need for ethnographic research in Ecosystem Service-based interventions.  相似文献   

爪哇和加里曼丹(印尼)新生代埃达克质岩的地球化学特征、成因及构造环境对比     

胡鹏  朱章显  杨振强 《华南地质与矿产》2015,(2)

本文根据文献上的新生代岩浆岩岩石化学数据,确定印尼爪哇岛和加里曼丹岛中部等地存在埃达克质岩存在的证据和成因,判别其地球化学-构造环境,将其与印支板块东北侧的同时代埃达克质岩以及南苏门答腊楠榜省第四纪埃达克质岩的构造环境进行对比。本区新生代埃达克质岩形成于活动大陆边缘火山弧,可以划分为两种类型:C-型(大陆型)和O-型(岛弧型)埃达克岩,其La/Yb比值变化于3.47~28之间,比阿留申群岛的典型埃达克岩的La/Yb比值(20)变化范围更大,其成因是由俯冲板片部分熔融,地幔楔混染和上地壳的结晶分离作用(AFC)而成。Zr/Nb-Mg O和Zr/Nb-Zr图解以及Zr/Hf和Nb/Ta比值证明了本区大多数火山岩的岩浆作用和岩浆岩源区与地幔楔混染有关。  相似文献