Dissolution/crystallization kinetics recorded in the 2002–2003 lavas of Stromboli (Italy)     

Alessandro Fornaciai  Patrizia Landi  Pietro Armienti 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2009,71(6):631-641

On 28 December 2002, new vents opened on the flanks of Stromboli, just below the summit craters, interrupting the persistent activity of the volcano with a 7-month-long effusive eruption. We here report on the plagioclase size distribution (PlgSD) in lava samples collected following the chronology of the 2002–2003 eruption. Data reveal a linear PlgSD similar to that found in samples of normal Stromboli activity, indicating that the switch from Strombolian explosive to effusive activity is not associated with changes in texture. Nevertheless, the crystal size distribution slopes and intercepts exhibit slight sinusoidal temporal variations that are here ascribed to a magma supply mechanism able to induce “resonance” in the crystal size distribution, with an amplitude that depends on the supply rate.  相似文献   

The digital seismometer, a modern instrument     

N. V. Trifonov 《Seismic Instruments》2009,45(1):83-85

On the basis of an analysis of the development history of seismometers, the conclusion is made that a new generation of instruments—digital seismometers—should be created. The functions of a digital seismometer and its advantages over other existing instruments are described in brief.  相似文献   

使用因子分析方法研究吉林前郭地震前的地震活动异常   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

李永振  于笑非  郭晓燕  乔艳芬 《东北地震研究》2009,25(2):23-28

本文用2006年吉林前郭MS5.0级地震前后震中附近的地震资料,选择反映地震活动时、空、强特征的地震频次N（ML≥3.0）、b值、η值、A（b）值、Mf值、Ac值、C值和D值8个参量进行因子分析。这些参量之间有一定的相关性,各参量在不同时段的变化各有所异,预报效果并不理想。根据因子分析得到反映地震活动时、空、强特征的综合指标Wfa值,该指标在前郭MS5.0级地震前出现明显异常变化,表明综合指标Wfa值可以较好地反映地震活动的异常特征。  相似文献   

Heat transfer between a thermochemical plume channel and the surrounding mantle in the presence of horizontal mantle flow     

A. A. Kirdyashkin  N. L. Dobretsov  A. G. Kirdyashkin 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2009,45(8):684-700

Heat and mass transfer processes in the conduit of a thermochemical plume located beneath an oceanic plate far from a mid-ocean ridge (MOR) proceed under conditions of horizontal convective flows penetrating the plume conduit. In the region of a mantle flow approaching the plume conduit (in the frontal part of the conduit), the mantle material heats and melts. The melt moves through the plume conduit at the average velocity of flow v and is crystallized on the opposite side of the conduit (in the frontal part of the conduit). The heat and the chemical dope transferred by the conduit to the mantle flow are carried away by crystallized mantle material at the velocity v.The local coefficients of heat transfer at the boundary of the plume conduit are theoretically determined and the balance of heat fluxes through the side of the plume conduit per linear meter of the conduit height. The total heat generation rate, transmitted by the Hawaiian plume into the upper and lower mantle, is evaluated. With the use of regular patterns of heat transfer in the lower mantle, which is modeled on the horizontal layer, heated from below and cooled from above, the diameter of the plume source, the kinematic viscosity of the melt in the plume conduit, and the velocity of horizontal lower-mantle flows are evaluated and the dependences of the temperature drop, viscosity and Rayleigh number for the lower mantle on the diameter of the plume source are presented.  相似文献   

H_∞ drift control of time-delayed seismic structures   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Chang-Ching Chang 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2009,8(4):617-626

In this paper,an optimal H∞ control algorithm was applied to the design of an active tendon system installed at the first story of a multi-story building to reduce its interstory drift due to earthquake excitations.To achieve optimal control performance and to guarantee the stability of the control system,an optimum strategy to select control parameters γ and α was developed.Analytical expressions of the upper and the lower bounds of γ and α were obtained for a single degree-of-freedom system with state fee...  相似文献   

爆炸应力波作用下缺陷介质裂纹扩展的动态分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

岳中文  杨仁树  郭东明  曹辉  董聚才 《岩土力学》2009,30(4):949-954

采用透射式焦散线测试系统,进行爆炸应力波作用下缺陷介质裂纹扩展试验,研究了含与炮孔共线的预制裂隙介质裂纹扩展速度、加速度、裂纹尖端动态应力强度因子和动态能量释放率的变化规律以及它们之间的变化关系。试验结果表明,在爆炸应力波作用下裂隙两端产生了两条翼裂纹A、B,翼裂纹A的长度较翼裂纹B长,两条翼裂纹向相反的方向扩展;在翼裂纹扩展过程中,存在着加速与减速的过程,扩展速度瞬间达到峰值,其后逐渐振荡下降;动态应力强度因子也呈现瞬间达最大值到逐渐减小连续振荡变化的趋势,动态应力强度因子 > ;翼裂纹尖端的动态能量释放率对裂纹扩展具有驱动作用。  相似文献   

电磁测深在鲁西地区绿岩带型金矿勘探中的应用   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

霍光辉  王海芹  王虹  王玉和 《地质力学学报》2009,15(1):50-55

在山东省泰安市周家庄地区金矿勘探中进行电磁测量方法试验, 获得了高分辨率的电性剖面和较可靠的地质解释资料, 经钻探验证发现了隐伏金矿体。测量结果表明, 在岩层深部高电阻率背景下的低值电阻率异常带是寻找金矿化带的有利部位, 低阻异常带的空间展布范围揭示了金矿化带的延伸趋势。   相似文献   

Surficial deposits on salt diapirs (Zagros Mountains and Persian Gulf Platform, Iran): Characterization, evolution, erosion and the influence on landscape morphology     

Ji&#x;í Bruthans  Michal Filippi  Naser Asadi  Mohammad Zare  Stanislav &#x;lechta  Zdenka Chur kov 《Geomorphology》2009,107(3-4):195-209

The surfaces of salt diapirs in the Zagros Mountains are mostly covered by surficial deposits, which significantly affect erosion rates, salt karst evolution, land use and the density of the vegetation cover. Eleven salt diapirs were selected for the study of surficial deposits in order to cover variability in the geology, morphology and climate in a majority of the diapirs in the Zagros Mountains and Persian Gulf Platform. The chemical and mineralogical compositions of 80 selected samples were studied mainly by X-ray powder diffraction and X-ray fluorescence. Changes in salinity along selected vertical profiles were studied together with the halite and gypsum distribution. The subaerial residuum formed from minerals and rock detritus released from the dissolved rock salt is by far the most abundant material on the diapirs. Fluvial sediments derived from this type of residuum are the second most common deposits found, while submarine residuum and marine sediments have only local importance. The mineralogical/chemical composition of surficial deposits varies amongst the three end members: evaporite minerals (gypsum/anhydrite and minor halite), carbonates (dolomite and calcite) and silicates-oxides (mainly quartz, phyllosilicates, and hematite). Based on infiltration tests on different types of surficial deposits, most of the rainwater will infiltrate, while overland flow predominates on rock salt exposures. Recharge concentration and thick accumulations of fine sediment support relatively rich vegetation cover in some places and even enable local agricultural activity. The source material, diapir relief, climatic conditions and vegetation cover were found to be the main factors affecting the development and erosion of surficial deposits. A difference was found in residuum type and landscape morphology between the relatively humid NW part of the studied area and the arid Persian Gulf coast: In the NW, the medium and thick residuum seems to be stable under current climatic conditions. Large sinkholes and blind valleys with sinking streams are common. On other diapirs, the original thick residuum is undergoing erosion and the new morphology is currently represented by salt exposures and badland-like landscapes or by fields of small sinkholes developed in the thin residuum. Models for evolution of the subaerial residuum and the diapir landscape/morphology are described in this paper. While the thick residuum with vegetation has very low erosion rates, the salt exposures and thin residuum are eroded rapidly. During wet periods (e.g. early Holocene), the diapirs rose and salt glaciers expanded as the influx of salt mass was much faster compared to erosion. After the onset of an arid climate, c. 6 ka BP, the rising of the some diapir surfaces decreased or even reversed due to acceleration of erosion thanks to vegetation degradation and changes in the residuum type and thickness.  相似文献   

Wave train model for knickpoint migration     

Nicolas Loget  Jean Van Den Driessche 《Geomorphology》2009,106(3-4):376-382

Rivers respond to a drop in their base level by incising the topography. The upstream propagation of an incision, as usually depicted by a knickpoint migration, is thought to depend on several parameters such as the drainage area, lithology, and the amplitude of the base level drop. We first investigate the case of the Messinian Salinity Crisis that was characterized by the extreme base level fall (1500 m) of the Mediterranean Sea at the end of the Miocene. The response of drainage areas of three orders of magnitude (10³ to 10⁶ km²) highlights the dominant role of the drainage area (with a square root relationship) in controlling the knickpoint migration after a base level fall. A compilation of mean rates of knickpoint propagation for time durations ranging from 10² to 10⁷ years displays a similar relationship indicating that successive wave trains of knickpoint can migrate in a river: first, wave trains linked to the release of the alluvial cover and then, wave trains related to the bedrock incision, which correspond to the real time response of rivers. Wave trains with very low retreat rates (long lived knickpoints > 1 My) rather correspond to the response time of regional landscape.  相似文献   

松辽盆地南部埋藏史   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

郭巍  于文祥  刘招君  马琳 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2009,39(3):353-360

盆地沉降史和埋藏史分析是油气评价的重要组成部分,根据松辽盆地南部测井资料,在地层剥蚀量计算的基础上,开展了沉积速率、沉降速率和埋藏史研究。沉积速率和沉降速率模拟结果表明:沙河子组、营城组沉积速率和沉降速率最高,泉头组、明水组较高,而登娄库组、青山口组、姚家组、四方台组较低。埋藏史研究结果表明:沙河子组-营城组时期,具有快速沉降、快速沉积和快速埋藏特征;营城组末期遭受剥蚀,地层缺失和剥蚀自西向东有增大的趋势;登娄库组-明水组时期,埋藏史特征表现为较快速的沉降、沉积和埋藏;姚家组以下的地层保存相对完整,嫩江组上部-明水组地层剥蚀较大,东南隆起区基本缺失嫩江组三段-明水组;古近纪-新近纪,总体特征是缓慢抬升,之后缓慢下降、缓慢沉积、缓慢埋藏。  相似文献