水系分维的构造含义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

皇甫岗  王海 《地震研究》1990,13(4):389-395

本文运用分数维几何学,研究了河流水系分维与地壳里向运动、活动断裂格局及运动学特征的关联性。结果表明:1)地壳垂向运动控制大型河流主干的总体形态;2)活动断裂格局复杂、水平运动强烈的地区,水系分维值高;3)走滑断裂较斜滑断裂对水系发育的控制强烈,而后者主要起到对水系的分区作用。  相似文献   

Slope-induced changes in channel character along a gravel-bed stream: The Allt Dubhaig,Scotland     

Rob Ferguson  Phil Ashworth 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1991,16(1):65-82

Changes in channel character along a small river in the Scottish Highlands are described using measurements in seven reaches over a 3 km length with no significant tributaries but a decline in slope from 0.02 to 0.00015 because of local baselevel control. This decline in slope is associated with rapid downstream fining of the gravel bed followed by an abrupt transition to a sand bed. The channel pattern alters progressively rather than abruptly, in the sequence (1) near-braided, (2) meandering with active point-bar chutes, (3) meandering with active outer-bank talweg, (4) stable equiwidth sinuous. The changes in channel pattern and hydraulic geometry are predicted better by rational approaches based on critical shear stress or other physical concepts than by purely empirical discriminant or trend equations. Measurements in five reaches confirm a downstream decrease in shear stress and the amount and calibre of bedload. It is argued that the downstream changes in channel character in this stream are induced by profile concavity inherited from deglacial conditions, are typical of many streams in mountainous areas and can be understood in terms of slope-induced changes in hydraulic properties.  相似文献   

云南三江一河典型地区河谷第四系发育特征   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6  

程捷  罗绍峰 《现代地质》1994,8(1):11-19

三江一河（金沙江、怒江、澜沧江、红河是流经云南境内的４条主体水系，将上述４条河流河谷第四系的野外观察加以总结得出；金沙江河谷局部发育早一中更新世的湖相层和河湖相层，常形成晚期阶地的基座，晚更新世至全新世冲积层构成四级阶地；怒江河谷第四系发育较差，在六库的上游河谷中冲积层极不发育，只有局部地方有少量的河漫滩砂砾层（全新世），在六库至过街河段中，尤其是过街盆地，发育有中更新世至全新世的冲积层和洪积层，前者构成五级阶地，后者形成巨大的洪积扇分布在河流右岸的谷底或苍坡上；澜沧江除景洪、勐罕（橄榄坝）盆地外，其它河段主要为峡谷，第四系很少，在景洪盆地中发育有第二、第一级阶地和河漫滩冲积层；红河的第四系有中更新世至全新世的冲积层，并构成五级阶地。基于上述第四系特点，简要地讨论了这４条河流的形成时代。  相似文献   

The impact of a major Quaternary river capture on the alluvial sediments of a beheaded river system, the Rio Alias SE Spain   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Elizabeth Maher  Adrian M. Harvey  Derek France 《Geomorphology》2007,84(3-4):344

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腾格里沙漠东南缘白刺灌丛地土壤性状的特征   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

贾晓红  李新荣  陈应武 《干旱区地理》2007,30(4):57-564

腾格里沙漠东南缘白刺灌丛地土壤颗粒组成中仍以细沙粒(0.25～0.05 mm)含量占主要成分(80%～99%),除固定沙堆土0～5 cm土壤粉沙粒含量高于堆间低地外,沙堆土不同深度粉沙粒含量(0.05～0.002 mm)均低于堆间低地;沙堆不同部位的土壤含水量有一致的变化趋势且差异不大,沙堆0～60 cm土层含水量低于堆间低地,60 cm以下的土壤含水量不仅高于0～60 cm,并且高于堆间低地。发育于草甸盐土上的堆间低地20 cm以下水分含量变化基本保持在较高的水平,发育于盐化半固定风沙土上的堆间低地水分含量在20 cm以下呈急剧降低趋势。白刺沙堆上土壤剖面土壤水分含量的这种变化和堆间低地20 cm处较高的含水层,将会为灌丛植物在年内气候干旱期的生命维持提供着重要水源保证。土壤容重白刺沙堆大于堆间低地,土壤剖面堆间低地的容重基本无变异,而沙堆上因为植物发育土壤容重有不同程度的差异。表征土壤肥力和保肥能力的阳离子代换量均是堆间低地大于沙堆上。堆间低地和沙堆上土壤全氮、有机质、电导率含量和pH值差异因白刺沙堆发育的生境不同而不同,处于半固定沙地生境的白刺沙堆并未形成灌丛的"沃岛效应",处于固定沙地生境的白刺沙堆有弱"沃岛效应"。因此,白刺沙堆地表物质的固定是该植物种生长的生境产生"沃岛效应"的前提。  相似文献   

The fate of inorganic colloidal particles in Lake Brienz     

Vincent Chanudet  Montserrat Filella 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2007,69(2):199-211

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Bestimmung der Phytoplanktonvolumina — Methodik und Ergebnisse am Beispiel Niederrhein     

Marlies Pohlmann  Günther Friedrich 《Limnologica》2001,31(3)

For data treatment of phytoplankton countings in the Lower Rhine the specific biovolume was calculated. The used computer-aided method is described, and the correlation between phytoplankton biomass, cell number and chlorophyll a is presented.  相似文献   

Characterization of the Structure of River-Bed Gravels Using Two-Dimensional Fractal Analysis   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

Justin B. Butler  Stuart N. Lane  Jim H. Chandler 《Mathematical Geology》2001,33(3):301-330

This paper is concerned with the application of fractal analysis to understand the structure of water-worked gravel-bed river surfaces. High resolution digital elevation models, acquired using digital photogrammetric methods, allowed the application of two-dimensional fractal methods. Previous gravel-bed river studies have been based upon sampled profiles and hence one-dimensional fractal characterisation. After basic testing that bed elevation increments are Gaussian, the paper uses two-dimensional variogram surfaces to derive directionally dependent estimates of fractal dimension. The results identify mixed fractal behavior with two characteristic fractal bands, one associated with the subgrain scale and one associated with the grain scale. The subgrain scale characteristics were isotropic and sensitive to decisions made during the data collection process. Thus, it was difficult to differentiate whether these characteristics were real facets of the surfaces studied. The second band was anisotropic and not sensitive to data collection issues. Fractal dimensions were greater in the downstream direction than in other directions suggesting that the effects of water working are to alter the level of surface organisation, by increasing surface irregularity and hence roughness. This is an important observation as it means that water-worked surfaces may have a distinct anisotropic signal, revealed when using a fractal type analysis.  相似文献   

Empirical relationships between diversity of invertebrate communities and altitude in rivers: Application to biomonitoring     

Claude Lang  Olivier Reymond 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1993,55(3):188-196

The relationships between the diversity of invertebrate communities and the altitude of sampling sites were analysed in 438 benthic samples, collected between 1982 and 1991, in 56 rivers of western Switzerland. Diversity, estimated from total number of taxa (genus or family) and from number of taxa intolerant of pollution, was positively correlated with increasing altitude. In contrast, density of human population and the level of organic pollution were negatively correlated with increasing altitude. Therefore, the upstream increase of invertebrate diversity was attributed to the decrease of human population which is the main source of organic pollution. In this study, altitude was used, instead of organic pollution, to predict diversity. Empirical relationships between diversity and altitude were applied to surveys of water quality to describe the general altitudinal pattern characteristic for each region and to single out anomalous sites and rivers. In addition, changes in the altitudinal patterns of diversity can be used to monitor the recovery of rivers from pollution.  相似文献   

Monthly suspended sediment load prediction using artificial intelligence: testing of a new random subspace method     

Viet-Ha Nhu  Khabat Khosravi  James R. Cooper  Mahshid Karimi  Ozgur Kisi  Binh Thai Pham 《水文科学杂志》2020,65(12):2116-2127

ABSTRACT

The predictive capability of a new artificial intelligence method, random subspace (RS), for the prediction of suspended sediment load in rivers was compared with commonly used methods: random forest (RF) and two support vector machine (SVM) models using a radial basis function kernel (SVM-RBF) and a normalized polynomial kernel (SVM-NPK). Using river discharge, rainfall and river stage data from the Haraz River, Iran, the results revealed: (a) the RS model provided a superior predictive accuracy (NSE = 0.83) to SVM-RBF (NSE = 0.80), SVM-NPK (NSE = 0.78) and RF (NSE = 0.68), corresponding to very good, good, satisfactory and unsatisfactory accuracies in load prediction; (b) the RBF kernel outperformed the NPK kernel; (c) the predictive capability was most sensitive to gamma and epsilon in SVM models, maximum depth of a tree and the number of features in RF models, classifier type, number of trees and subspace size in RS models; and (d) suspended sediment loads were most closely correlated with river discharge (PCC = 0.76). Overall, the results show that RS models have great potential in data poor watersheds, such as that studied here, to produce strong predictions of suspended load based on monthly records of river discharge, rainfall depth and river stage alone.  相似文献